Questions and Answers
What is a stroke?
Sudden interruption of blood flow to a part of the brain.
What are the types of stroke? (Select all that apply)
What is a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?
A temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain.
Stroke is the third most common cause of disability and death in Hong Kong.
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What percentage of strokes are ischemic?
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What is hemorrhagic stroke?
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What is a common cause of ischemic stroke?
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Match the following types of hemorrhagic stroke:
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What is the death rate within 3 months after a stroke in Hong Kong?
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Study Notes
Stroke Overview
- Stroke is a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to potential damage or death of brain cells due to oxygen deprivation.
- It is also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
- In Hong Kong, stroke is the 4th leading cause of disability and death, with approximately 3000 deaths annually and a 30% three-month mortality rate.
- Over 50% of stroke survivors regain full self-care ability.
Types of Stroke
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Ischemic Stroke (88%)
- Results from reduced arterial blood flow, causing a lack of nutrients and oxygen to brain tissue.
- Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) acts as a predictor of ischemic stroke, with temporary blood flow restoration allowing full recovery within 24 hours and no infarction visible on brain imaging.
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Hemorrhagic Stroke (12%)
- Associated with higher mortality rates than ischemic strokes.
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH): Bleeding into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain.
- Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH): Bleeding occurs within the brain parenchyma.
Pathophysiology
- Ischemia: Lack of blood flow resulting in cell death, often due to thrombosis or embolism.
- Thrombosis usually occurs due to the obstruction of arteries, while embolism can result from conditions like atrial fibrillation.
Management Guidelines
- Follow the most recent ACC/ASA guidelines for acute stroke management, covering initial assessment, diagnosis, and tailored treatment approaches for ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes.
- Pharmacological management includes:
- Antithrombotic therapy: To prevent blood clot formation.
- Antihypertensive therapy: To manage blood pressure effectively.
- Other medications to support overall stroke management.
Secondary Prevention Strategies
- Primary strategies involve lifestyle modifications, such as diet and exercise, to lower stroke risk.
- Pharmacological interventions may include long-term medication regimes.
- Surgical interventions can be considered based on individual risk factors and health status, following the ACC/ASA guidelines for current best practices.
Risk Factors for Stroke
- Modifiable Factors: Hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, poor diet.
- Non-Modifiable Factors: Age, gender, family history, and ethnicity.
- Understanding these risk factors is crucial for prevention and management of strokes.
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Description
This quiz covers the critical concepts of stroke, including its definition, public health impact, and types such as ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Participants will explore risk factors, common causes, and the underlying pathophysiology of different strokes. Enhance your understanding of stroke and its implications on health.
