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Questions and Answers
A plant exhibits stunted growth and yellowing of older leaves. Which nutrient deficiency is MOST likely responsible?
A plant exhibits stunted growth and yellowing of older leaves. Which nutrient deficiency is MOST likely responsible?
- Nitrate (correct)
- Potassium
- Phosphate
- Magnesium
Which of the following nutrient deficiencies would MOST directly impact a plant's ability to perform photosynthesis?
Which of the following nutrient deficiencies would MOST directly impact a plant's ability to perform photosynthesis?
- Nitrate
- Phosphate
- Potassium
- Magnesium (correct)
A farmer observes that their crops have weak stems and yellowing leaves with brown spots. Which fertilizer additive would MOST likely address this issue?
A farmer observes that their crops have weak stems and yellowing leaves with brown spots. Which fertilizer additive would MOST likely address this issue?
- Potassium (correct)
- Phosphate
- Magnesium
- Nitrate
Which of the following pairings of enzyme and nutrient is INCORRECT?
Which of the following pairings of enzyme and nutrient is INCORRECT?
Which of the following describes the role of bile in digestion?
Which of the following describes the role of bile in digestion?
In which organ does the digestion of proteins begin, and which enzyme is responsible for this process?
In which organ does the digestion of proteins begin, and which enzyme is responsible for this process?
How does the acidic environment of the stomach contribute to the process of digestion?
How does the acidic environment of the stomach contribute to the process of digestion?
After a meal rich in carbohydrates, where does the initial breakdown of these carbohydrates primarily occur, and which enzyme facilitates this process?
After a meal rich in carbohydrates, where does the initial breakdown of these carbohydrates primarily occur, and which enzyme facilitates this process?
What is the primary function of peristalsis in the human digestive system?
What is the primary function of peristalsis in the human digestive system?
Which adaptation of the small intestine directly aids in maintaining a concentration gradient for nutrient absorption?
Which adaptation of the small intestine directly aids in maintaining a concentration gradient for nutrient absorption?
How does the structure of the palisade mesophyll contribute to its function in photosynthesis?
How does the structure of the palisade mesophyll contribute to its function in photosynthesis?
Why is the waxy cuticle present on the upper surface of a leaf?
Why is the waxy cuticle present on the upper surface of a leaf?
If a plant is exposed to constant light and optimal carbon dioxide levels, what is most likely to limit the rate of photosynthesis?
If a plant is exposed to constant light and optimal carbon dioxide levels, what is most likely to limit the rate of photosynthesis?
Under which condition would the rate of photosynthesis likely be highest in a typical terrestrial plant?
Under which condition would the rate of photosynthesis likely be highest in a typical terrestrial plant?
What structural feature of xylem vessels contributes most directly to their function of water transport in plants?
What structural feature of xylem vessels contributes most directly to their function of water transport in plants?
Which of the following best describes the function of phloem in plants?
Which of the following best describes the function of phloem in plants?
If a blood sample contains a higher than normal amount of carbon dioxide, which blood component is primarily responsible for transporting the excess carbon dioxide?
If a blood sample contains a higher than normal amount of carbon dioxide, which blood component is primarily responsible for transporting the excess carbon dioxide?
During exercise, muscles require more oxygen. How does the circulatory system adapt to meet this increased demand?
During exercise, muscles require more oxygen. How does the circulatory system adapt to meet this increased demand?
A scientist is studying a plant in a sealed chamber with controlled environmental conditions. If the humidity in the chamber is significantly increased, what direct effect will this have on the plant's transpiration rate?
A scientist is studying a plant in a sealed chamber with controlled environmental conditions. If the humidity in the chamber is significantly increased, what direct effect will this have on the plant's transpiration rate?
A patient's blood test reveals a severely reduced platelet count. What immediate physiological process is most likely to be impaired as a direct result?
A patient's blood test reveals a severely reduced platelet count. What immediate physiological process is most likely to be impaired as a direct result?
A biologist is examining a cross-section of a blood vessel under a microscope. The vessel has thin walls, valves, and relatively low blood pressure. Which type of blood vessel is the biologist most likely observing?
A biologist is examining a cross-section of a blood vessel under a microscope. The vessel has thin walls, valves, and relatively low blood pressure. Which type of blood vessel is the biologist most likely observing?
In an experiment measuring the rate of transpiration using a potometer, a student notices that the water uptake is significantly lower on a cloudy day compared to a sunny day. Which factor is most likely responsible for this difference?
In an experiment measuring the rate of transpiration using a potometer, a student notices that the water uptake is significantly lower on a cloudy day compared to a sunny day. Which factor is most likely responsible for this difference?
After conducting a food test on an unknown substance, a student observes a brick-red precipitate after heating the sample with Benedict's solution. Which nutrient is most likely present in the substance?
After conducting a food test on an unknown substance, a student observes a brick-red precipitate after heating the sample with Benedict's solution. Which nutrient is most likely present in the substance?
A plant is placed in a controlled environment with varying light intensities. Which of the following graphs best represents the relationship between light intensity and the rate of oxygen production during photosynthesis, assuming all other factors are optimal?
A plant is placed in a controlled environment with varying light intensities. Which of the following graphs best represents the relationship between light intensity and the rate of oxygen production during photosynthesis, assuming all other factors are optimal?
Flashcards
Nitrate (NO₃⁻) Function
Nitrate (NO₃⁻) Function
Needed to make amino acids for proteins, growth and cell repair
Phosphate Deficiency
Phosphate Deficiency
Poor root development, purple leaves
Potassium (K⁺) Function
Potassium (K⁺) Function
Helps enzyme activity, stomatal function.
Magnesium Deficiency
Magnesium Deficiency
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Pepsin/Protease Function
Pepsin/Protease Function
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Lipase Function
Lipase Function
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Carbohydrase Function
Carbohydrase Function
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Bile Function
Bile Function
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Peristalsis
Peristalsis
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Villi & Microvilli
Villi & Microvilli
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Thin Walls (Small Intestine)
Thin Walls (Small Intestine)
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Rich Blood Supply (Small Intestine)
Rich Blood Supply (Small Intestine)
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Lacteal
Lacteal
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Waxy Cuticle
Waxy Cuticle
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Xylem
Xylem
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Phloem
Phloem
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Aorta Function
Aorta Function
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Vena Cava Function
Vena Cava Function
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Pulmonary Artery Function
Pulmonary Artery Function
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Pulmonary Vein Function
Pulmonary Vein Function
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Arteries Features
Arteries Features
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Veins Features
Veins Features
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Capillaries Features
Capillaries Features
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Transpiration Definition
Transpiration Definition
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Study Notes
- Plants need mineral ions from the soil for growth.
Plant Nutrients and Their Functions
- Nitrate (NO3-) is needed to make amino acids which become proteins and is essential for growth and cell repair.
- Nitrate deficiency results in stunted growth and yellow, older leaves.
- Phosphate (PO43-) is needed for DNA, ATP, and cell membranes and is important for root growth
- Phosphate deficiency results in poor root development and purple leaves.
- Potassium (K+) helps enzyme activity in photosynthesis and respiration and maintains stomatal function.
- Potassium deficiency manifests as yellow leaves with brown spots and weak stems.
- Magnesium (Mg2+) is needed to make chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
- Magnesium deficiency causes leaves to turn yellow (chlorosis).
Key Digestive Enzymes & Their Functions
- Proteins are broken down into amino acids by pepsin in the stomach and protease in the small intestine.
- Lipids (fats) become fatty acids and glycerol through the work of lipase in the small intestine.
- Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose by amylase (which becomes maltase) in the mouth and small intestine
Digestive Process by Organ
- In the mouth, amylase (saliva) starts breaking starch into maltose, with chewing increasing surface area.
- The stomach contains HCl (pH 2) to kill bacteria and provide optimal pH for pepsin and pepsin starts protein digestion
- In the small Intestine Bile (from liver) neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fats, pancreatic enzymes break down proteins, carbs, and lipids, and absorption of nutrients occurs in the ileum
Peristalsis
- Peristalsis is defined as wave-like muscle contractions in the oesophagus and intestines.
- Peristalsis moves food from the mouth to the stomach and through the intestines
Small Intestine Adaptations for Absorption
- Villi and microvilli increase the surface area for absorption.
- Thin walls (1 cell thick) provide a short diffusion distance.
- A rich blood supply maintains the concentration gradient.
- Lacteals within the villi absorb fatty acids and glycerol.
Leaf Structure & Functions
- The waxy cuticle reduces water loss.
- The upper epidermis is transparent to let light through.
- Palisade mesophyll is packed with chloroplasts for maximum photosynthesis
- Spongy mesophyll has air spaces for gas exchange.
- Stomata allow CO2 in and O2 out.
- Guard cells control stomatal opening.
Photosynthesis: Word & Symbol Equation
- Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen (in the presence of Light, Chlorophyll)
- 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 (in the presence of Light, Chlorophyll)
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Rate
- More light results in faster photosynthesis until a maximum point is reached (Light Intensity).
- More CO2 results in faster photosynthesis until a maximum point is reached (CO2 Concentration).
- Higher temperature results in a faster reaction until enzymes denature at approximately 45°C (Temperature).
Transport in Plants – Xylem & Phloem
- Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to leaves through hollow tubes with thick walls containing lignin for strength.
- Phloem transports sugars (sucrose) from leaves to the rest of the plant (translocation) using living cells and allowing two-way movement.
Heart Structure
- Double circulation (Pulmonary & Systemic).
- Valves prevent backflow.
Major Vessels
- The aorta carries oxygenated blood to the body.
- The vena cava returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
- The pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs.
- The pulmonary vein carries blood from the lungs.
Blood Vessel Features
- Arteries feature thick, muscular walls and transport blood away from the heart at high pressure.
- Veins have thin walls, contain valves to prevent backflow, and transport blood at low pressure.
- Capillaries are one-cell thick to facilitate diffusion of oxygen and nutrients.
Blood Components
- Red blood cells carry oxygen (haemoglobin).
- White blood cells fight infections.
- Platelets help blood clot.
- Plasma transports nutrients, CO2, and hormones.
Transpiration
- Transpiration is defined at the loss of water vapor from leaves via stomata.
- Transpiration helps pull water up through the plant (transpiration stream)
Factors Affecting Transpiration
- Stomata open and increase transpiration with light intensity
- Higher temp = faster evaporation
- High humidity = slower transpiration
- More wind results in faster transpiration
Starch Test (Photosynthesis)
- Iodine solution turns blue-black if starch is present.
Oxygen Production in Photosynthesis
- Use pondweed (Elodea) to count oxygen bubbles
Food Tests
- Starch + lodine = Blue-black
- Glucose + Benedict's = Brick-red (after heating)
- Proteins + Biuret = Purple
- Lipids + Sudan III/Ethanol = Red layer/Cloudy
Transpiration Rate (Potometer Experiment)
- Measures water uptake by plant.
Enzyme Activity (Amylase & pH/Temperature)
- How pH or temperature affects starch breakdown using iodine can be investigated.
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