Botany Quiz: Gymnosperms & Seedless Plants
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Questions and Answers

What characteristic allows seeds to survive until conditions are favorable for germination?

  • Presence of chlorophyll
  • Dormancy (correct)
  • Flagellated sperm
  • Large cones

Which phylum of gymnosperms has only one living species?

  • Coniferophyta
  • Gnetophyta
  • Gingkophyta (correct)
  • Cycadophyta

Which group of gymnosperms is most commonly found in northern latitudes?

  • Gingkos
  • Conifers (correct)
  • Cycads
  • Gnetophytes

What is a unique feature of cycads compared to most seed plants?

<p>Flagellated sperm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cycads have concerning nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

<p>They are hosts for symbiotic relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components contained within a seed?

<p>Sporophyte embryo and protective coat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vascular structure is associated with microphylls?

<p>A single vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes gymnosperms?

<p>They bear 'naked' seeds typically found on cones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the reproduction process in seed plants, what does a microsporocyte undergo to produce haploid spores?

<p>Meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about sporangia?

<p>They contain microsporocytes that undergo meiosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes gametophytes from sporophytes in bryophytes?

<p>Gametophytes are typically larger and longer-living. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of seedless vascular plants?

<p>They have flagellated sperm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clade of seedless vascular plants includes ferns?

<p>Phylum Monilophyta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the spores of heterosporous plants differ from those of homosporous plants?

<p>They develop into male and female gametophytes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental condition is essential for the reproduction of bryophytes?

<p>Moist habitats. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of the life cycle, what generation is larger in seedless vascular plants compared to bryophytes?

<p>Sporophyte generation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chloroplast is found in hornwort cells?

<p>A single large chloroplast. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about prothallium in ferns?

<p>It is a gametophyte that develops on the soil surface. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of microgametophytes in male reproductive organs?

<p>They produce only sperm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures form from groups of sporophylls in seedless vascular plants?

<p>Strobili (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the life cycle of ferns, what occurs immediately after spores land on the soil?

<p>Prothallus grows. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary advantage do seeds provide over spores?

<p>Seeds can disperse to new environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about sporophytes and gametophytes is true for seedless vascular plants?

<p>The gametophyte is physically independent of the sporophyte. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sori in relation to the structure of seedless vascular plants?

<p>They are clusters of sporangia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of plants bears 'naked' seeds typically on cones?

<p>Gymnosperms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation is NOT a reproductive adaptation of seed plants?

<p>The use of wind for spore dispersal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the single living species of the phylum Ginkgophyta?

<p>Ginkgo biloba (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phyla is known for having vessel elements in addition to tracheids?

<p>Gnetophyta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is NOT true of conifers?

<p>They produce flowers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the gymnosperm life cycle is dominant?

<p>Sporophyte generation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is a common trait of gymnosperms regarding their seeds?

<p>Seeds bear 'naked' seeds on cones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the pine tree contribute to the next generation in its life cycle?

<p>By transferring sperm to ovules through pollen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is essential for the reproduction of gymnosperms?

<p>Use of air or animals for seed dispersal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the film of water in gymnosperm fertilization?

<p>It is necessary for sperm to reach the ovules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cones produces microspores within the life cycle of a pine?

<p>Staminate cones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The time it takes from cone production to mature seed in pines is approximately:

<p>Three years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of land plants that differentiates them from other organisms?

<p>They are embryophytes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process does the haploid gametophyte undergo to produce gametes?

<p>Mitosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adaptations help land plants prevent water loss?

<p>Cuticle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the life cycles of liverworts is correct?

<p>Sperm must swim to fertilize an egg. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plants are classified as nonvascular?

<p>Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason why nonvascular plants cannot grow very tall?

<p>They lack a vascular transport system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for anchoring the thallus in nonvascular plants?

<p>Rhizoids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of land plants?

<p>They have true roots, stems, and leaves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vascular tissues in land plants?

<p>Water transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do charophytes represent in relation to land plants?

<p>The closest relatives of land plants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of flowering plants distinguishes them from non-flowering plants?

<p>Presence of seeds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do land plants use to regulate gas exchange?

<p>Stomata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the trend in plant evolution regarding the gametophyte generation?

<p>It has tended to reduce in size. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do gemmae in liverworts facilitate?

<p>Asexual reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Land Plants

Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that are autotrophs with cellulose cell walls and protected embryos (embryophytes).

Alternation of Generations

The life cycle of plants involves two distinct multicellular stages: haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte.

Gametophyte

Haploid stage in plant life cycle producing haploid gametes via mitosis.

Sporophyte

Diploid stage in plant life cycle, produces haploid spores via meiosis.

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Cuticle

Waxy coating on plant surfaces that prevents water loss.

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Stomata

Openings in leaves and stems that regulate gas exchange.

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Vascular Tissues

Plant tissues (xylem and phloem) that transport water, minerals, and sugars.

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Nonvascular Plants

Plants without vascular tissue, typically small and needing moist environments.

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Bryophytes

Nonvascular plants like mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

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Rhizoids

Root-like structures in nonvascular plants for anchoring.

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Xylem

Plant vascular tissue that transports water and minerals.

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Phloem

Plant vascular tissue that transports sugars.

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Embryophytes

Plants with protected embryos.

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Gametangia

Specialized structures in plants that produce gametes.

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Seedless Vascular Plants

Plants with vascular tissue but no seeds.

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Homosporous Plants

Plants that produce one type of spore that develops into bisexual gametophytes.

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Heterosporous Plants

Plants that produce two types of spores: megaspores and microspores, resulting in separate male and female gametophytes.

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Megaphylls

Large leaves with complex branching veins in seedless vascular plants.

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Microphylls

Small, simple leaves with single, unbranched veins, found in some seedless vascular plants.

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What are microgametophytes?

Male gametophytes produced from microspores in seedless vascular plants, responsible for generating sperm.

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What's a sporangium?

A structure in plants that produces and releases spores through meiosis.

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What's a sorus?

A cluster of sporangia found on the underside of fern leaves.

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What are sporophylls?

Modified leaves in seedless vascular plants that bear sporangia.

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What's a strobilus?

A cone-like structure formed by groups of sporophylls in seedless vascular plants.

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What is lignin?

A strong, rigid substance found in the cell walls of vascular plants, providing structural support.

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What's the main difference between a seed and a spore?

Seeds have a protective coat and food supply, while spores are single cells that lack these features.

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What are the key adaptations seed plants evolved for life on land?

Seeds and pollen grains, which protect and disperse offspring, and allow reproduction in drier environments.

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Gymnosperm

A type of seed plant with 'naked' seeds, meaning they aren't enclosed in an ovary. These seeds are typically found on cones.

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Sporangium

A structure in plants that produces spores. In gymnosperms, each sporangium holds microsporocytes that divide by meiosis to make spores.

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Ovule

A structure in female gymnosperm cones containing a megasporocyte that develops into a female gametophyte and eventually a seed.

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Megasporophyll

A modified leaf in gymnosperms bearing ovules. It's like a specialized leaf for reproduction.

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What makes seed dispersal advantageous for plants?

Seed dispersal allows plants to colonize new areas, reducing competition with their parent plant and increasing the chances of survival for offspring. Seeds can be dispersed by wind, water, animals, or by being ejected from the fruit.

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What is a key characteristic of gymnosperms?

Gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants with exposed seeds, which are not enclosed within an ovary. Unlike flowering plants, they often have cones for reproduction.

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Cycads

Cycads are a group of gymnosperms that thrive in tropical and subtropical regions. They have a long evolutionary history and are characterized by their palm-like leaves and large cones.

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What is unique about cycads?

Cycads, unlike most seed plants, produce motile sperm with flagella that swim to the egg. This is a primitive characteristic.

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Conifers

Conifers are the most common type of gymnosperm, known for their cone-shaped appearance and needle-like leaves. They are well-adapted to colder climates and thrive in northern latitudes.

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Ginkgophyta

A phylum with a single living species, Ginkgo biloba, known for its tolerance to air pollution and flagellated sperm.

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Coniferophyta

The largest gymnosperm phylum, mostly evergreen and needle-leaved trees that dominate high-latitude and high-altitude forests.

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Gymnosperm Seeds

Seeds that are exposed on sporophylls, typically forming cones. These seeds are 'naked' (not enclosed within a fruit).

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Gymnosperm Life Cycle

Characterized by dominance of the sporophyte generation, seed development from fertilized ovules, and pollen-mediated sperm transfer.

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Pine Sporophyte

The mature pine tree, which produces male and female cones.

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Male Cone

Produces microspores called pollen grains, each containing a male gametophyte.

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Female Cone

Contains ovules, which produce megaspores that develop into female gametophytes.

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Pollen Grain

A microspore containing a male gametophyte, which can be dispersed long distances by wind or animals.

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Pine Life Cycle Time

It takes almost three years for a pine cone to produce mature seeds.

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Study Notes

Plant Diversity (Non-Flowering Plants)

  • Learning Objectives:
    • Understand key evolutionary adaptations allowing plants to survive and reproduce on land.
    • Compare life cycles and unique features of non-flowering plants (bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, and gymnosperms).

General Characteristics of Land Plants

  • Eukaryotic and multicellular
  • Autotrophs
  • Cell walls (cellulose, sporopollenin)
  • Embryophytes (plants with protected embryos)
  • Terrestrial
  • Alternation of generations

Alternation of Generations

  • Gametophyte: Haploid multicellular organism producing haploid gametes via mitosis.
  • Sporophyte: Diploid multicellular organism producing haploid spores via meiosis.
  • Gametes fuse to form a zygote, initiating the sporophyte generation.
  • Spores develop into gametophytes.
  • Trend towards reduction of gametophyte generation in plant evolution.

Land Plants Evolved from Green Algae

  • Charophytes are closest relatives of land plants.

Life in Water vs. Life on Land

  • On land:
    • Water transport mechanisms
    • Physical support
    • Mechanism to distribute gametes and progeny

Adaptations of Land Plants

  • Cuticle: Waxy coating retarding water loss.
  • Stomata: Openings in stems and leaves regulating gas exchange.
  • Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
  • Embryos in a protective structure (seeds instead of spores).

Ten Phyla: Plant Evolutionary & Diversity

  • Origin of plants (about 470 million years ago)
  • Origin of vascular plants (about 425 million years ago)
  • Origin of seed plants (about 360 million years ago)

Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes)

  • Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are similar to earliest land plants.
  • Lack vascular transport system; cannot grow very tall.
  • Water transport via diffusion.
  • Thin cuticle, living in moist habitats.
  • Lack true leaves, stems, and roots, but have analogous structures.
  • Rhizoids anchor thallus (leaf-like structure) to substrate.
  • Asexual reproduction via fragmentation of gametophyte (clumps of cells in gemmae cups).
  • Most live in moist habitats.

Mosses (Phylum Bryophyta)

  • Sporophyte (2n) develops from the zygote.
  • Sporophyte consists of a capsule (sporangium), seta (stalk), and a foot.
  • Haploid spores are released through a peristome (mouth of capsule).

Liverworts (Phylum Hepatophyta)

  • Thallus (leaf-like structure) is dominant.
  • Sporophytes develop from zygotes.

Hornworts (Phylum Anthocerophyta)

  • Gametophytes are flat plates of cells; sporophytes look like small horns
  • Hornwort cells have single, large chloroplasts.
  • Sporophytes have no stalks
  • Spores released from sporangium.

Seedless Vascular Plants

  • Ferns and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow very tall.
  • Ability to transport water and food throughout their bodies allowed them to spread to new habitats and diversify rapidly.

Lycophytes (Phylum Lycophyta)

  • Includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts.
  • Microphylls (leaves with single vein).

Monilophytes (Phylum Monilophyta)

  • Ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns.
  • Megaphylls (leaves with highly branched vascular system) .

Fern Life Cycle

  • Gametophyte (prothallus) is small, typically growing on/under the ground
  • Water is needed for fertilization
  • Dominant phase is the sporophyte.

Homospory vs. Heterospory

  • Homosporous plants produce one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte.
  • Heterosporous plants produce two types of spores: megaspores that develop into female gametophytes (megagametophytes) and microspores that develop into male gametophytes (microgametophytes).

Sporophylls, Sori, and Strobili

  • Sporophylls: Modified leaves with sporangia
  • Sori: Clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls
  • Strobili: Cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls.

Seed Plants (Gymnosperms)

  • Bear "naked" seeds typically on cones.
  • Cones (ovulate and staminate) are the reproductive structures.
  • Seeds provide evolutionary advantages over spores
  • Reduced gametophyte (microscopic)
  • Seeds develop from the whole ovule; A seed is a sporophyte embryo with its food supply in a protective coat
  • Most gymnosperms are cone-bearing plants called conifers.
  • Seeds are exposed, not enclosed in fruits.
  • Require no water for fertilization.
  • Sperm distributed by pollen.
  • Gametophytes are reduced (and dependent) on sporophytes.

Gymnosperm Phyla

  • Cycadophyta
  • Ginkgophyta
  • Gnetophyta
  • Coniferophyta

Pine Life Cycle

  • Sporophytes produce male (staminate) and female (ovulate) cones.
  • Microspores produce pollen containing male gametophytes.
  • Megaspores produce female gametophytes inside ovules.
  • Pollen grains use air or animal transport to reach ovules.
  • Sperm fertilizes the egg inside the ovule.
  • The fertilized ovule develops into a seed.
  • Seed coat protects the embryo.

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Test your knowledge on gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants with this quiz. Explore key characteristics, reproductive processes, and environmental conditions essential for these plant groups. Perfect for students studying botany or plant biology.

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