Botany Quiz: Gymnosperms & Seedless Plants
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Questions and Answers

What characteristic allows seeds to survive until conditions are favorable for germination?

  • Presence of chlorophyll
  • Dormancy (correct)
  • Flagellated sperm
  • Large cones

    • Which phylum of gymnosperms has only one living species?

  • Coniferophyta
  • Gnetophyta
  • Gingkophyta (correct)
  • Cycadophyta

    • Which group of gymnosperms is most commonly found in northern latitudes?

  • Gingkos
  • Conifers (correct)
  • Cycads
  • Gnetophytes

    • What is a unique feature of cycads compared to most seed plants?

    <p>Flagellated sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cycads have concerning nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

    <p>They are hosts for symbiotic relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components contained within a seed?

    <p>Sporophyte embryo and protective coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vascular structure is associated with microphylls?

    <p>A single vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes gymnosperms?

    <p>They bear 'naked' seeds typically found on cones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the reproduction process in seed plants, what does a microsporocyte undergo to produce haploid spores?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about sporangia?

    <p>They contain microsporocytes that undergo meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes gametophytes from sporophytes in bryophytes?

    <p>Gametophytes are typically larger and longer-living.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of seedless vascular plants?

    <p>They have flagellated sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clade of seedless vascular plants includes ferns?

    <p>Phylum Monilophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the spores of heterosporous plants differ from those of homosporous plants?

    <p>They develop into male and female gametophytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental condition is essential for the reproduction of bryophytes?

    <p>Moist habitats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of the life cycle, what generation is larger in seedless vascular plants compared to bryophytes?

    <p>Sporophyte generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chloroplast is found in hornwort cells?

    <p>A single large chloroplast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about prothallium in ferns?

    <p>It is a gametophyte that develops on the soil surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of microgametophytes in male reproductive organs?

    <p>They produce only sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures form from groups of sporophylls in seedless vascular plants?

    <p>Strobili</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the life cycle of ferns, what occurs immediately after spores land on the soil?

    <p>Prothallus grows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary advantage do seeds provide over spores?

    <p>Seeds can disperse to new environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about sporophytes and gametophytes is true for seedless vascular plants?

    <p>The gametophyte is physically independent of the sporophyte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are sori in relation to the structure of seedless vascular plants?

    <p>They are clusters of sporangia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of plants bears 'naked' seeds typically on cones?

    <p>Gymnosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adaptation is NOT a reproductive adaptation of seed plants?

    <p>The use of wind for spore dispersal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the single living species of the phylum Ginkgophyta?

    <p>Ginkgo biloba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following phyla is known for having vessel elements in addition to tracheids?

    <p>Gnetophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is NOT true of conifers?

    <p>They produce flowers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the gymnosperm life cycle is dominant?

    <p>Sporophyte generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is a common trait of gymnosperms regarding their seeds?

    <p>Seeds bear 'naked' seeds on cones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pine tree contribute to the next generation in its life cycle?

    <p>By transferring sperm to ovules through pollen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is essential for the reproduction of gymnosperms?

    <p>Use of air or animals for seed dispersal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the film of water in gymnosperm fertilization?

    <p>It is necessary for sperm to reach the ovules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cones produces microspores within the life cycle of a pine?

    <p>Staminate cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The time it takes from cone production to mature seed in pines is approximately:

    <p>Three years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of land plants that differentiates them from other organisms?

    <p>They are embryophytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process does the haploid gametophyte undergo to produce gametes?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adaptations help land plants prevent water loss?

    <p>Cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the life cycles of liverworts is correct?

    <p>Sperm must swim to fertilize an egg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plants are classified as nonvascular?

    <p>Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason why nonvascular plants cannot grow very tall?

    <p>They lack a vascular transport system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is responsible for anchoring the thallus in nonvascular plants?

    <p>Rhizoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of land plants?

    <p>They have true roots, stems, and leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vascular tissues in land plants?

    <p>Water transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do charophytes represent in relation to land plants?

    <p>The closest relatives of land plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of flowering plants distinguishes them from non-flowering plants?

    <p>Presence of seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do land plants use to regulate gas exchange?

    <p>Stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the trend in plant evolution regarding the gametophyte generation?

    <p>It has tended to reduce in size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do gemmae in liverworts facilitate?

    <p>Asexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plant Diversity (Non-Flowering Plants)

    • Learning Objectives:
      • Understand key evolutionary adaptations allowing plants to survive and reproduce on land.
      • Compare life cycles and unique features of non-flowering plants (bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, and gymnosperms).

    General Characteristics of Land Plants

    • Eukaryotic and multicellular
    • Autotrophs
    • Cell walls (cellulose, sporopollenin)
    • Embryophytes (plants with protected embryos)
    • Terrestrial
    • Alternation of generations

    Alternation of Generations

    • Gametophyte: Haploid multicellular organism producing haploid gametes via mitosis.
    • Sporophyte: Diploid multicellular organism producing haploid spores via meiosis.
    • Gametes fuse to form a zygote, initiating the sporophyte generation.
    • Spores develop into gametophytes.
    • Trend towards reduction of gametophyte generation in plant evolution.

    Land Plants Evolved from Green Algae

    • Charophytes are closest relatives of land plants.

    Life in Water vs. Life on Land

    • On land:
      • Water transport mechanisms
      • Physical support
      • Mechanism to distribute gametes and progeny

    Adaptations of Land Plants

    • Cuticle: Waxy coating retarding water loss.
    • Stomata: Openings in stems and leaves regulating gas exchange.
    • Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
    • Embryos in a protective structure (seeds instead of spores).

    Ten Phyla: Plant Evolutionary & Diversity

    • Origin of plants (about 470 million years ago)
    • Origin of vascular plants (about 425 million years ago)
    • Origin of seed plants (about 360 million years ago)

    Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes)

    • Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are similar to earliest land plants.
    • Lack vascular transport system; cannot grow very tall.
    • Water transport via diffusion.
    • Thin cuticle, living in moist habitats.
    • Lack true leaves, stems, and roots, but have analogous structures.
    • Rhizoids anchor thallus (leaf-like structure) to substrate.
    • Asexual reproduction via fragmentation of gametophyte (clumps of cells in gemmae cups).
    • Most live in moist habitats.

    Mosses (Phylum Bryophyta)

    • Sporophyte (2n) develops from the zygote.
    • Sporophyte consists of a capsule (sporangium), seta (stalk), and a foot.
    • Haploid spores are released through a peristome (mouth of capsule).

    Liverworts (Phylum Hepatophyta)

    • Thallus (leaf-like structure) is dominant.
    • Sporophytes develop from zygotes.

    Hornworts (Phylum Anthocerophyta)

    • Gametophytes are flat plates of cells; sporophytes look like small horns
    • Hornwort cells have single, large chloroplasts.
    • Sporophytes have no stalks
    • Spores released from sporangium.

    Seedless Vascular Plants

    • Ferns and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow very tall.
    • Ability to transport water and food throughout their bodies allowed them to spread to new habitats and diversify rapidly.

    Lycophytes (Phylum Lycophyta)

    • Includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts.
    • Microphylls (leaves with single vein).

    Monilophytes (Phylum Monilophyta)

    • Ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns.
    • Megaphylls (leaves with highly branched vascular system) .

    Fern Life Cycle

    • Gametophyte (prothallus) is small, typically growing on/under the ground
    • Water is needed for fertilization
    • Dominant phase is the sporophyte.

    Homospory vs. Heterospory

    • Homosporous plants produce one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte.
    • Heterosporous plants produce two types of spores: megaspores that develop into female gametophytes (megagametophytes) and microspores that develop into male gametophytes (microgametophytes).

    Sporophylls, Sori, and Strobili

    • Sporophylls: Modified leaves with sporangia
    • Sori: Clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls
    • Strobili: Cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls.

    Seed Plants (Gymnosperms)

    • Bear "naked" seeds typically on cones.
    • Cones (ovulate and staminate) are the reproductive structures.
    • Seeds provide evolutionary advantages over spores
    • Reduced gametophyte (microscopic)
    • Seeds develop from the whole ovule; A seed is a sporophyte embryo with its food supply in a protective coat
    • Most gymnosperms are cone-bearing plants called conifers.
    • Seeds are exposed, not enclosed in fruits.
    • Require no water for fertilization.
    • Sperm distributed by pollen.
    • Gametophytes are reduced (and dependent) on sporophytes.

    Gymnosperm Phyla

    • Cycadophyta
    • Ginkgophyta
    • Gnetophyta
    • Coniferophyta

    Pine Life Cycle

    • Sporophytes produce male (staminate) and female (ovulate) cones.
    • Microspores produce pollen containing male gametophytes.
    • Megaspores produce female gametophytes inside ovules.
    • Pollen grains use air or animal transport to reach ovules.
    • Sperm fertilizes the egg inside the ovule.
    • The fertilized ovule develops into a seed.
    • Seed coat protects the embryo.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants with this quiz. Explore key characteristics, reproductive processes, and environmental conditions essential for these plant groups. Perfect for students studying botany or plant biology.

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