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Questions and Answers
What is the oldest known seeds and when did they first appear?
What is the oldest known seeds and when did they first appear?
Oldest known seeds - Late Devonian, more than 350 million years ago
Which group dominated during the Triassic period, approximately 200-250 million years ago?
Which group dominated during the Triassic period, approximately 200-250 million years ago?
Gymnosperms
What were the first seed plants like in appearance?
What were the first seed plants like in appearance?
Fernlike: pteridosperms (seed ferns)
How many phyla with genera and species are under Gymnosperms?
How many phyla with genera and species are under Gymnosperms?
What are the two types of vascular tissue found in Gymnosperms?
What are the two types of vascular tissue found in Gymnosperms?
Which type of seed plants have 'naked' seeds?
Which type of seed plants have 'naked' seeds?
What is unique about Phylum Gnetophyta among gymnosperms?
What is unique about Phylum Gnetophyta among gymnosperms?
Where are joint firs (Ephedra) typically found?
Where are joint firs (Ephedra) typically found?
What type of plants are Gnetum known for?
What type of plants are Gnetum known for?
What is the ethnobotanical use of Ginkgo biloba?
What is the ethnobotanical use of Ginkgo biloba?
What is the ethnobotanical use of Ephedra sp.?
What is the ethnobotanical use of Ephedra sp.?
What are the adaptive advantages of plants reproducing via seeds compared to spores?
What are the adaptive advantages of plants reproducing via seeds compared to spores?
Differentiate between an ovule and a seed and define integuments.
Differentiate between an ovule and a seed and define integuments.
List and briefly describe the four phyla of gymnosperms.
List and briefly describe the four phyla of gymnosperms.
Explain the difference between monoecious and dioecious plants.
Explain the difference between monoecious and dioecious plants.
Describe the steps of the pine life cycle and compare the sporophyte generations to the gametophyte generation.
Describe the steps of the pine life cycle and compare the sporophyte generations to the gametophyte generation.
Discuss the ecological and economic significance of gymnosperms.
Discuss the ecological and economic significance of gymnosperms.
What is the superdivision that includes Spermatophyta and Phylum Coniferophyta?
What is the superdivision that includes Spermatophyta and Phylum Coniferophyta?
Which Phylum is represented by Ginkgo biloba?
Which Phylum is represented by Ginkgo biloba?
Name the Phylum that includes Cycads.
Name the Phylum that includes Cycads.
What type of leaves do Pines (Pinus sp.) have?
What type of leaves do Pines (Pinus sp.) have?
Which is the largest genus of conifers?
Which is the largest genus of conifers?
What is the life cycle stage of Pinus sp. that involves pollen with a pollen tube?
What is the life cycle stage of Pinus sp. that involves pollen with a pollen tube?
What are some uses of Pine lumber?
What are some uses of Pine lumber?
Name three conifers native to Western North Carolina.
Name three conifers native to Western North Carolina.
Which phylum do Ginkgo biloba belong to?
Which phylum do Ginkgo biloba belong to?
What are some products derived from conifers in terms of ethnobotany?
What are some products derived from conifers in terms of ethnobotany?
Name the superdivision that includes Phylum Coniferophyta and Phylum Ginkgophyta.
Name the superdivision that includes Phylum Coniferophyta and Phylum Ginkgophyta.
List three living genera under Phylum Gnetophyta.
List three living genera under Phylum Gnetophyta.
Match the following adaptations of plants to their corresponding needs in a terrestrial environment:
Match the following adaptations of plants to their corresponding needs in a terrestrial environment:
Match the following features with their corresponding plant reproductive structures:
Match the following features with their corresponding plant reproductive structures:
Match the following plant types with their reproductive characteristics:
Match the following plant types with their reproductive characteristics:
Match the following plant groups with their respective phyla:
Match the following plant groups with their respective phyla:
Match the following descriptions of gymnosperms with their significance:
Match the following descriptions of gymnosperms with their significance:
Match the following evolutionary adaptations with their corresponding functions:
Match the following evolutionary adaptations with their corresponding functions:
Match the following characteristics with the correct group of plants:
Match the following characteristics with the correct group of plants:
Match the following phyla with their respective plant groups:
Match the following phyla with their respective plant groups:
Match the following characteristics with the correct type of vascular tissue:
Match the following characteristics with the correct type of vascular tissue:
Match the following parts with their function in seed production:
Match the following parts with their function in seed production:
Match the following seeds with their plant species:
Match the following seeds with their plant species:
Match the following characteristics with their significance in gymnosperms:
Match the following characteristics with their significance in gymnosperms:
Match the following conifers with their common names:
Match the following conifers with their common names:
Match the following products with their source from conifers:
Match the following products with their source from conifers:
Match the following phyla with their plant groups:
Match the following phyla with their plant groups:
Match the following characteristics with Phylum Gnetophyta plant groups:
Match the following characteristics with Phylum Gnetophyta plant groups:
Match the following uses with Ethnobotany of Gymnosperms products:
Match the following uses with Ethnobotany of Gymnosperms products:
Match the following plant parts with their functions in seed plants:
Match the following plant parts with their functions in seed plants:
Match the following plant classifications with their corresponding phyla:
Match the following plant classifications with their corresponding phyla:
Match the following descriptions with the correct plant group:
Match the following descriptions with the correct plant group:
Match the plant genera with their corresponding Phylum:
Match the plant genera with their corresponding Phylum:
Match the following terms with their correct plant type:
Match the following terms with their correct plant type:
Match the following life cycle stages with the correct plant Phylum:
Match the following life cycle stages with the correct plant Phylum:
Match the plant superdivisions with their included Phyla:
Match the plant superdivisions with their included Phyla:
Match the plant with its unique characteristic:
Match the plant with its unique characteristic:
Match the plant with its ethnobotanical use:
Match the plant with its ethnobotanical use:
Match the plant with its habitat:
Match the plant with its habitat:
Match the plant with its reproductive structure:
Match the plant with its reproductive structure:
Match the plant with its location in videos:
Match the plant with its location in videos:
What is the main type of xylem found in Gymnosperms?
What is the main type of xylem found in Gymnosperms?
Which Phylum includes Ginkgo biloba?
Which Phylum includes Ginkgo biloba?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes Gymnosperms from Angiosperms?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes Gymnosperms from Angiosperms?
Which plant group among Gymnosperms has "naked" seeds?
Which plant group among Gymnosperms has "naked" seeds?
What is the main role of staminate cones in Gymnosperms?
What is the main role of staminate cones in Gymnosperms?
What type of xylem is associated with soft and loose wood?
What type of xylem is associated with soft and loose wood?
Which Phylum includes Ginkgo biloba?
Which Phylum includes Ginkgo biloba?
What is a common use of Pine lumber?
What is a common use of Pine lumber?
Which of the following is a product derived from conifers in terms of ethnobotany?
Which of the following is a product derived from conifers in terms of ethnobotany?
In which Phylum do Cycads belong?
In which Phylum do Cycads belong?
What is the adaptive advantage of plants reproducing via seeds compared to spores?
What is the adaptive advantage of plants reproducing via seeds compared to spores?
Which plant has edible inner bark and needles, and seeds are used in sailing vessels?
Which plant has edible inner bark and needles, and seeds are used in sailing vessels?
What is the main difference between monoecious and dioecious plants?
What is the main difference between monoecious and dioecious plants?
Why are gymnosperms considered successful in terrestrial environments?
Why are gymnosperms considered successful in terrestrial environments?
Which phylum of gymnosperms includes plants that are known for their fan-shaped leaves?
Which phylum of gymnosperms includes plants that are known for their fan-shaped leaves?
What is the primary function of integuments in seeds?
What is the primary function of integuments in seeds?
What evolutionary advantage do seeds offer over spores in plants?
What evolutionary advantage do seeds offer over spores in plants?
Which factor distinguishes gymnosperms from seedless vascular plants?
Which factor distinguishes gymnosperms from seedless vascular plants?
Which Phylum do Ginkgo biloba and Cycads belong to?
Which Phylum do Ginkgo biloba and Cycads belong to?
What is the unique characteristic of Gnetophytes among gymnosperms?
What is the unique characteristic of Gnetophytes among gymnosperms?
Which plant group includes the world's oldest known living organisms, such as Bristlecone pines?
Which plant group includes the world's oldest known living organisms, such as Bristlecone pines?
What type of leaves do Pines (Pinus sp.) have?
What type of leaves do Pines (Pinus sp.) have?
What is the life cycle stage of Pinus sp. that involves pollen with a pollen tube?
What is the life cycle stage of Pinus sp. that involves pollen with a pollen tube?
Which Phylum represents Conifers of the Taiga, such as Blue Spruce and Eastern Hemlock?
Which Phylum represents Conifers of the Taiga, such as Blue Spruce and Eastern Hemlock?
Which phylum is unique among gymnosperms in having vessels in the xylem?
Which phylum is unique among gymnosperms in having vessels in the xylem?
Where are joint firs (Ephedra) typically found?
Where are joint firs (Ephedra) typically found?
Which plant group is known for having vine-like plants with broad leaves in the tropics?
Which plant group is known for having vine-like plants with broad leaves in the tropics?
What is the ethnobotanical use of Ginkgo biloba?
What is the ethnobotanical use of Ginkgo biloba?
Which Phylum includes Mormon tea and is known for its drug ephedrine used for respiratory problems?
Which Phylum includes Mormon tea and is known for its drug ephedrine used for respiratory problems?
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Study Notes
Here are the study notes for the text:
Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
Evolutionary History of Plants
- Adaptations needed to live in a terrestrial environment:
- Ways to obtain nutrients and water
- Ways to keep water and stop desiccation
- Ways to get enough but not too much sunlight
- Ways to get CO2 and release O2
- Ways to structurally support the body
- Ways to protect and spread offspring
Gymnosperm General Characteristics
- Small taxa: 4 phyla with 73 genera and ~700 species
- Phyla: Coniferophyta (Conifers), Cycadophyta (Cycads), Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo biloba), and Gnetophyta (Gnetophytes)
- Gametophyte Stage becoming Reduced
- Bryophytes: Seedless Vascular Plants
- Seeded Vascular Plants: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Gymnosperm General Characteristics (cont.)
- Vascular Tissue (Xylem and Phloem):
- Tracheids (Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Gingkophyta, and Gnetophyta)
- Vessel elements (Gnetophyta)
- Wood (secondary xylem):
- Manoxylic: soft and loose with high parenchyma cells (Cycads)
- Pycnoxylic: high xylem, stronger (Conifers and Angiosperms)
- “Naked” Seeds:
- Cycad seed cone
- Pinus sp. (Pine) seeds
- Gingko seeds
- Welwitschia sp. seeds
Seed Plant Classification
- Superdivision: Spermatophyta (Tracheophyta)
- Phylum Coniferophyta (Pinophyta): Conifers
- Phylum Ginkgophyta: Ginkgo biloba
- Phylum Cycadophyta: Cycads
- Phylum Gnetophyta: Gnetophytes
- Note: Division = Phylum
Coniferophyta (Conifers)
- Phylum Coniferophyta (Pinophyta): Conifers
- Pines (Pinus sp.): largest genus
- Mostly monoecious
- Include world’s oldest known living organisms - Bristlecone pines
- Pines (Pinus sp.): needle-like leaves
Cycadophyta (Cycads)
- Phylum Cycadophyta: Cycads
- Male cycad
- Female cycad
- Phylum Cycadophyta: Cycad seed cone
Gnetophyta (Gnetophytes)
- Phylum Gnetophyta: Gnetophytes
- Gnetum sp.: 3 living genera, ~70 species
- Very morphologically diverse
- Welwitschia sp. and Ephedra sp.
- Unique among the gymnosperms in having vessels in the xylem
- Joint firs (Ephedra) - Shrubby plants of drier regions of southwestern North America
- Gnetum - Vine-like plants with broad leaves in tropics
Ethnobotany of Gymnosperms
- Conifers:
- Edible inner bark and needles of white pine, and seeds of nearly all pines
- Masts in sailing vessels
- Crates, boxes, matchsticks, furniture
- Telephone poles, railroad ties, mine timbers
- Turpentine and rosin (both from resin)
- Fuel
- Pulpwood
- Construction lumber
- Ornamentals
- Pharmaceuticals
- Other Gymnosperms:
- Ginkgo biloba: seeds for food (after seed coat removal) and extracts to increase blood circulation
- Ephedra sp. (Mormon tea) - Drug ephedrine for respiratory problems from a Chinese species
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