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Chapter 24: Gymnosperms
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Chapter 24: Gymnosperms

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Questions and Answers

What is the oldest known seeds and when did they first appear?

Oldest known seeds - Late Devonian, more than 350 million years ago

Which group dominated during the Triassic period, approximately 200-250 million years ago?

Gymnosperms

What were the first seed plants like in appearance?

Fernlike: pteridosperms (seed ferns)

How many phyla with genera and species are under Gymnosperms?

<p>4 phyla with 73 genera and ~700 species</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of vascular tissue found in Gymnosperms?

<p>Xylem and Phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of seed plants have 'naked' seeds?

<p>Gymnosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about Phylum Gnetophyta among gymnosperms?

<p>Having vessels in the xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are joint firs (Ephedra) typically found?

<p>Drier regions of southwestern North America</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plants are Gnetum known for?

<p>Vine-like plants with broad leaves in the tropics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ethnobotanical use of Ginkgo biloba?

<p>Seeds for food and extracts to increase blood circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ethnobotanical use of Ephedra sp.?

<p>Mormon tea and ephedrine for respiratory problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the adaptive advantages of plants reproducing via seeds compared to spores?

<p>Seeds provide protection and nutrients to the embryo, allowing for better dispersal and survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between an ovule and a seed and define integuments.

<p>An ovule is a structure in seed plants that develops into a seed upon fertilization. Integuments are layers of protective tissue surrounding the ovule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List and briefly describe the four phyla of gymnosperms.

<p>The four phyla of gymnosperms are Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Coniferophyta. They differ in characteristics like leaf type and reproductive structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between monoecious and dioecious plants.

<p>Monoecious plants have male and female reproductive structures on the same plant, while dioecious plants have separate male and female plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the steps of the pine life cycle and compare the sporophyte generations to the gametophyte generation.

<p>The pine life cycle involves alternation of generations between a sporophyte (2n) and a gametophyte (n). The sporophyte is dominant and produces spores, while the gametophyte produces gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the ecological and economic significance of gymnosperms.

<p>Gymnosperms play crucial roles in ecosystems by providing habitat, food, and oxygen. Economically, they are sources of lumber, paper, and resins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the superdivision that includes Spermatophyta and Phylum Coniferophyta?

<p>Spermatophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Phylum is represented by Ginkgo biloba?

<p>Ginkgophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the Phylum that includes Cycads.

<p>Cycadophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of leaves do Pines (Pinus sp.) have?

<p>Needle-like leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the largest genus of conifers?

<p>Pines (Pinus sp.)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the life cycle stage of Pinus sp. that involves pollen with a pollen tube?

<p>Immature microgametophyte (n) → pollen grain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some uses of Pine lumber?

<p>Horticulture, Vitamins A and C from needles, Pine Nuts (edible), Fragrance, Turpentine, Ethnobotany</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name three conifers native to Western North Carolina.

<p>Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustrius), Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda), Frasier Fir (Abies fraseri)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum do Ginkgo biloba belong to?

<p>Phylum Ginkgophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some products derived from conifers in terms of ethnobotany?

<p>Edible inner bark and needles, seeds of nearly all pines, masts in sailing vessels, crates, boxes, matchsticks, furniture, telephone poles, railroad ties, mine timbers, turpentine, rosin, fuel, pulpwood, construction lumber, ornamentals, pharmaceuticals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the superdivision that includes Phylum Coniferophyta and Phylum Ginkgophyta.

<p>Spermatophyta (Tracheophyta)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List three living genera under Phylum Gnetophyta.

<p>Gnetum sp., Welwitschia sp., Ephedra sp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following adaptations of plants to their corresponding needs in a terrestrial environment:

<p>Obtain nutrients and water = Root system Keep water and prevent desiccation = Cuticle and stomata Get CO2 and release O2 = Photosynthesis Protect and spread offspring = Seeds and fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features with their corresponding plant reproductive structures:

<p>Ovule = Structure in which the female gametophyte develops Seed = Mature ovule containing an embryo Integuments = Tough outer protective layers of ovule Pollen = Male gametophyte structure for fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant types with their reproductive characteristics:

<p>Monoecious plants = Have both male and female reproductive structures on the same plant Dioecious plants = Have male and female reproductive structures on separate plants Gymnosperms = Produce 'naked' seeds not enclosed in a fruit Angiosperms = Produce seeds enclosed in a fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant groups with their respective phyla:

<p>Conifers = Phylum Coniferophyta Cycads = Phylum Cycadophyta Ginkgo biloba = Phylum Ginkgophyta Gnetum = Phylum Gnetophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions of gymnosperms with their significance:

<p>Ecological significance of gymnosperms = Provide habitat, prevent erosion, and contribute to biodiversity Economic significance of gymnosperms = Source of timber, paper, resins, and ornamental plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following evolutionary adaptations with their corresponding functions:

<p>Structural support of plant body = Cell walls made of cellulose Sunlight regulation for photosynthesis = Leaves with different shapes and orientations for optimal light capture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with the correct group of plants:

<p>Oldest known seeds - Late Devonian, more than 350 million years ago = Gymnosperms Gymnosperms dominate during the Triassic, ~200-250 mya = Seed plants are fernlike in appearance Vascular Tissue (Xylem and Phloem) = Gymnosperms 'Naked' Seeds = Gymnosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phyla with their respective plant groups:

<p>Coniferophyta = Conifers Cycadophyta = Cycads Ginkgophyta = Ginkgo biloba Gnetophyta = Gnetophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with the correct type of vascular tissue:

<p>Tracheids and vessel elements = Gymnosperm xylem Wood (secondary xylem) = Pycnoxylic Vascular Tissue (Xylem and Phloem) = Manoxylic Vessel elements = Gnetophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts with their function in seed production:

<p>Pollen cones house microspores = Produce pollen grains (male gametophyte) Female cones produce megaspore = Develop female gametophyte with ovules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following seeds with their plant species:

<p>Cycad seed cone = Cycads Gingko seeds = Ginkgo biloba Welwitschia sp. seed = Gnetophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with their significance in gymnosperms:

<p>Gametophyte Stage becoming Reduced Bryophytes = Seedless Vascular Plants Vascular Tissue (Xylem and Phloem) = Seeded Vascular Plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conifers with their common names:

<p>Sequoiadendron giganteum = Giant Sequoia Taxodium distichum = Bald Cypress Pinus palustris = Longleaf Pine Pinus taeda = Loblolly Pine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following products with their source from conifers:

<p>Pine Nuts (edible) = Pines Turpentine and rosin = Resin from Conifers Telephone poles, railroad ties = Conifer lumber Vitamins A and C from needles = Needles of Pine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phyla with their plant groups:

<p>Phylum Coniferophyta (Pinophyta) = Conifers Phylum Ginkgophyta = Ginkgo biloba Phylum Cycadophyta = Cycads Phylum Gnetophyta = Gnetophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with Phylum Gnetophyta plant groups:

<p>Very morphologically diverse = Gnetum sp. Welwitschia sp. = Gnetophyte Ephedra sp. = Gnetophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following uses with Ethnobotany of Gymnosperms products:

<p>Edible inner bark and needles of white pine = White Pine Masts in sailing vessels = Conifers Crates, boxes, matchsticks, furniture = Conifer lumber Fuel, pulpwood = Conifers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant parts with their functions in seed plants:

<p>Ovulate organ (female reproductive structure) = Seed production Male strobili (male reproductive structure) = Pollen dispersal Seed cone (female reproductive structure) = Seed dispersal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant classifications with their corresponding phyla:

<p>Blue Spruce = Coniferophyta Pine = Coniferophyta Eastern Hemlock = Coniferophyta Ginkgo biloba = Ginkgophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with the correct plant group:

<p>Needle like leaves = Pines (Pinus sp.) Scale like leaves = Other Conifers Monoecious, includes Bristlecone pines = Pines (Pinus sp.) Immature microgametophyte (n) → pollen grain = Pinus sp. Life Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the plant genera with their corresponding Phylum:

<p>Taxus sp. = Coniferophyta Torreya sp. = Coniferophyta Podocarpus sp. = Coniferophyta Juniperus sp. = Other Conifers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct plant type:

<p>Monoecious = Pines (Pinus sp.) Dioecious = Juniperus sp. Gnetum known for = Vascular plants Ginkgo biloba ethnobotanical use = Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following life cycle stages with the correct plant Phylum:

<p>Pollen w/pollen tube = Pinus sp. Perisperm = Coniferophyta Gnetophyta unique feature = 'Naked' seeds Cycads Phylum = Cycadophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the plant superdivisions with their included Phyla:

<p>Spermatophyta = Coniferophyta Tracheophyta = 'Naked' seeds Pinophyta = 'Naked' seeds Gnetum known for = 'Naked' seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the plant with its unique characteristic:

<p>Phylum Gnetophyta = Having vessels in the xylem Male strobili (Ephedra) = Shrubby plants of drier regions of southwestern North America Female strobilus (Ephedra) = Vine-like plants with broad leaves in tropics Ginkgo biloba = Seeds for food (after seed coat removal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the plant with its ethnobotanical use:

<p>Ginkgo biloba = Ginkgo extracts to increase blood circulation Ephedra sp. = Mormon tea Welwitschia sp. = Drug ephedrine for respiratory problems from a Chinese species Phylum Gnetophyta = Other Gymnosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the plant with its habitat:

<p>Joint firs (Ephedra) = Drier regions of southwestern North America Gnetum sp. = Tropics Ginkgo biloba = Unknown Welwitschia sp. = Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the plant with its reproductive structure:

<p>Male Cone (Phylum Gnetophyta) = Male strobili (Ephedra) Female Cone (Phylum Gnetophyta) = Female strobilus Ephedra Male strobili (Ephedra) = Male Cone Phylum Gnetophyta Female strobilus (Ephedra) = Female Cone Ethnobotany of Gymnosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the plant with its location in videos:

<p>Phylum Gnetophyta = Unknown Ephedra sp. = Unknown Ginkgo biloba = Unknown Gnetum sp. = Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main type of xylem found in Gymnosperms?

<p>Tracheids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Phylum includes Ginkgo biloba?

<p>Ginkgophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic that distinguishes Gymnosperms from Angiosperms?

<p>Producing seeds in cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant group among Gymnosperms has "naked" seeds?

<p>Cycads</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of staminate cones in Gymnosperms?

<p>Produce pollen grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of xylem is associated with soft and loose wood?

<p>Manoxylic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Phylum includes Ginkgo biloba?

<p>Phylum Ginkgophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use of Pine lumber?

<p>Making Paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a product derived from conifers in terms of ethnobotany?

<p>Medicines</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which Phylum do Cycads belong?

<p>Phylum Cycadophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the adaptive advantage of plants reproducing via seeds compared to spores?

<p>Seeds have a protective coating</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant has edible inner bark and needles, and seeds are used in sailing vessels?

<p>Bald Cypress</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between monoecious and dioecious plants?

<p>Monoecious plants have separate male and female reproductive structures on the same plant, while dioecious plants have male and female reproductive structures on different plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are gymnosperms considered successful in terrestrial environments?

<p>Due to their ability to reproduce via seeds, which provide protective covering and nourishment for the embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum of gymnosperms includes plants that are known for their fan-shaped leaves?

<p>Ginkgophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of integuments in seeds?

<p>To provide a protective covering around the seed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary advantage do seeds offer over spores in plants?

<p>Seeds provide a more robust protective covering and a store of nutrients for the developing embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor distinguishes gymnosperms from seedless vascular plants?

<p>Gymnosperms produce seeds, while seedless vascular plants rely on spores for reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Phylum do Ginkgo biloba and Cycads belong to?

<p>Phylum Ginkgophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique characteristic of Gnetophytes among gymnosperms?

<p>Dioecious reproductive structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant group includes the world's oldest known living organisms, such as Bristlecone pines?

<p>Pines (Pinus sp.)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of leaves do Pines (Pinus sp.) have?

<p>Needle-like leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the life cycle stage of Pinus sp. that involves pollen with a pollen tube?

<p>Pollen grain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Phylum represents Conifers of the Taiga, such as Blue Spruce and Eastern Hemlock?

<p>Phylum Coniferophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum is unique among gymnosperms in having vessels in the xylem?

<p>Phylum Gnetophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are joint firs (Ephedra) typically found?

<p>Southwestern North America</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant group is known for having vine-like plants with broad leaves in the tropics?

<p>Gnetum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ethnobotanical use of Ginkgo biloba?

<p>Increase blood circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Phylum includes Mormon tea and is known for its drug ephedrine used for respiratory problems?

<p>Phylum Gnetophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Here are the study notes for the text:

Seed Plants: Gymnosperms

Evolutionary History of Plants

  • Adaptations needed to live in a terrestrial environment:
    • Ways to obtain nutrients and water
    • Ways to keep water and stop desiccation
    • Ways to get enough but not too much sunlight
    • Ways to get CO2 and release O2
    • Ways to structurally support the body
    • Ways to protect and spread offspring

Gymnosperm General Characteristics

  • Small taxa: 4 phyla with 73 genera and ~700 species
  • Phyla: Coniferophyta (Conifers), Cycadophyta (Cycads), Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo biloba), and Gnetophyta (Gnetophytes)
  • Gametophyte Stage becoming Reduced
  • Bryophytes: Seedless Vascular Plants
  • Seeded Vascular Plants: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Gymnosperm General Characteristics (cont.)

  • Vascular Tissue (Xylem and Phloem):
    • Tracheids (Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Gingkophyta, and Gnetophyta)
    • Vessel elements (Gnetophyta)
  • Wood (secondary xylem):
    • Manoxylic: soft and loose with high parenchyma cells (Cycads)
    • Pycnoxylic: high xylem, stronger (Conifers and Angiosperms)
  • “Naked” Seeds:
    • Cycad seed cone
    • Pinus sp. (Pine) seeds
    • Gingko seeds
    • Welwitschia sp. seeds

Seed Plant Classification

  • Superdivision: Spermatophyta (Tracheophyta)
  • Phylum Coniferophyta (Pinophyta): Conifers
  • Phylum Ginkgophyta: Ginkgo biloba
  • Phylum Cycadophyta: Cycads
  • Phylum Gnetophyta: Gnetophytes
  • Note: Division = Phylum

Coniferophyta (Conifers)

  • Phylum Coniferophyta (Pinophyta): Conifers
  • Pines (Pinus sp.): largest genus
  • Mostly monoecious
    • Include world’s oldest known living organisms - Bristlecone pines
  • Pines (Pinus sp.): needle-like leaves

Cycadophyta (Cycads)

  • Phylum Cycadophyta: Cycads
  • Male cycad
  • Female cycad
  • Phylum Cycadophyta: Cycad seed cone

Gnetophyta (Gnetophytes)

  • Phylum Gnetophyta: Gnetophytes
  • Gnetum sp.: 3 living genera, ~70 species
  • Very morphologically diverse
  • Welwitschia sp. and Ephedra sp.
  • Unique among the gymnosperms in having vessels in the xylem
  • Joint firs (Ephedra) - Shrubby plants of drier regions of southwestern North America
  • Gnetum - Vine-like plants with broad leaves in tropics

Ethnobotany of Gymnosperms

  • Conifers:
    • Edible inner bark and needles of white pine, and seeds of nearly all pines
    • Masts in sailing vessels
    • Crates, boxes, matchsticks, furniture
    • Telephone poles, railroad ties, mine timbers
    • Turpentine and rosin (both from resin)
    • Fuel
    • Pulpwood
    • Construction lumber
    • Ornamentals
    • Pharmaceuticals
  • Other Gymnosperms:
    • Ginkgo biloba: seeds for food (after seed coat removal) and extracts to increase blood circulation
    • Ephedra sp. (Mormon tea) - Drug ephedrine for respiratory problems from a Chinese species

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Test your knowledge on the classification of cycad seed plants, including the superdivision Spermatophyta and the phyla Coniferophyta, Ginkgophyta, Cycadophyta, and Gnetophyta. Identify key features and distinctions among these plant groups.

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