Seed Plants: Gymnosperms Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of spores do pine trees produce?

  • Male microspores and female megaspores (correct)
  • Diploid spores
  • Only megaspores
  • Only microspores

    • What process do microsporocytes undergo to produce microspores?

  • Fertilization
  • Cloning
  • Meiosis (correct)
  • Mitosis

    • Which cells are contained within a pollen grain?

  • One sperm cell and one egg cell
  • A microsporocyte and a megasporocyte
  • A generative cell and a pollen tube cell (correct)
  • Two sperm cells and a pollen tube cell

    • What occurs after the pollen tube grows from the pollen grain?

    <p>The generative cell divides into two sperm cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the female cone contain?

    <p>Two ovules per scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when the sperm nucleus and egg nucleus fuse?

    <p>The diploid zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can fertilization and seed development take in pine trees?

    <p>Up to two years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the seed formed from a pine tree contain?

    <p>Three generations of tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of conifer trees that helps them survive in cold climates?

    <p>Needle-like leaves with a waxy cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is considered the closest relative to angiosperms based on their xylem tissue?

    <p>Gnetophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of wood do conifers primarily produce?

    <p>Softwood containing only tracheids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cycads from other gymnosperms in terms of pollination?

    <p>They may be pollinated by beetles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conifer is noted for being deciduous, losing its leaves in the fall?

    <p>Tamarack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which era did cycads dominate the landscape?

    <p>Mesozoic era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environments do conifers predominantly inhabit?

    <p>Cold or arid environments and high altitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true about the leaves of cycad plants?

    <p>They are large and compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of spores do seed plants produce?

    <p>Both megaspores and microspores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about gametophytes in seed plants is true?

    <p>They are completely dependent on the sporophyte for nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evolutionary significance of the sporophyte generation in seed plants?

    <p>It is diploid and the dominant generation for a species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of plants is primarily homosporous?

    <p>Lower vascular plants like club mosses and ferns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the gametophyte of seed plants compare to that of seedless vascular plants?

    <p>Gametophytes in seed plants are microscopic and depend on the sporophyte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of microspores in seed plants?

    <p>To mature into male gametophytes that generate sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which evolutionary stage did the trend towards a dominant sporophyte generation occur?

    <p>The evolution of early land plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must happen for the male gametes of bryophytes to fertilize the female gametes?

    <p>They must swim to the female gametes in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary phase in the life cycle of an angiosperm?

    <p>Adult or sporophyte phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gametophyte is developed from microspores in angiosperms?

    <p>Pollen grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many nuclei are produced in the female gametophyte after three mitotic divisions?

    <p>Eight nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in angiosperms shelters the actual gametophytes?

    <p>Anthers and ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during double fertilization in angiosperms?

    <p>One sperm fertilizes the egg and the other forms a triploid cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would occur if a flower lacked a microsporangium?

    <p>It would be unable to produce pollen grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell in the pollen grain will divide to form two sperm cells?

    <p>Generative cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the flower does fertilization occur?

    <p>Embryo sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major groups of flowering plants based on the structure of cotyledons?

    <p>Monocots and Eudicots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is believed to have branched off before the separation of monocots and eudicots?

    <p>Basal Angiosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants is not part of the Magnoliidae group?

    <p>Black Pepper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is notable about the flowers of Piperales species?

    <p>They are small and tightly arranged in long spikes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a familiar plant in the Laurales group?

    <p>Avocado tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environments do Nymphaeales primarily thrive in?

    <p>Freshwater biomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable feature of magnolias within the Magnoliidae group?

    <p>They bear large, fragrant flowers with many parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a common use for the Piper nigrum plant?

    <p>Source of black pepper for flavoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes eudicots from monocots in terms of cotyledons?

    <p>Eudicots have two cotyledons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the veins in monocot leaves primarily differ from those in eudicot leaves?

    <p>Monocot leaves have parallel veins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of vascular tissue in eudicot plants?

    <p>In a circular pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of root system is characteristic of eudicot plants?

    <p>Taproot with lateral roots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference regarding pollen structure between monocots and eudicots?

    <p>Monocots have monosulcate pollen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What floral arrangement is generally associated with eudicots?

    <p>Flowers in multiples of four or five.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the role of seed plants in ecosystems?

    <p>They contribute to soil stabilization and carbon cycling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is believed to have significantly influenced the diversity of both flowering plants and insects?

    <p>Pollination and herbivory interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Seed Plants: Gymnosperms

    • Gymnosperms produce seeds not enclosed in fruit
    • They have vascular tissue (tracheids) to transport water and solutes
    • They have separate male and female gametes
    • Pollination is typically by wind
    • Includes four major groups: Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta

    Evolution of Seed Plants

    • Seed plants are heterosporous, producing two types of spores: megaspores (female) and microspores (male)
    • Gametophyte maturation relies on the sporophyte
    • Seeds and pollen are crucial adaptations to drought
    • Earliest distinct seed plants emerged approximately 350 million years ago
    • Gymnosperms dominated the landscape during the Mesozoic era (251-65.5 million years ago)
    • Angiosperms then took over the Mesozoic, becoming the most abundant plant group

    Conifers

    • Common Pine trees are conifers
    • Have both male and female cones on the same plant
    • Male cones produce microspores, developing into pollen grains
    • Female cones contain ovules that develop into seeds
    • Fertilization and seed development in pine trees can take up to two years

    Cycads

    • Resemble palms
    • Have large cones
    • May be pollinated by beetles
    • Dominated landscapes during the Mesozoic era
    • Few cycad species remain

    Ginkgophytes

    • A single living species: Ginkgo biloba
    • Fan-shaped leaves that turn yellow in the fall
    • Male and Female organs are on separate trees
    • Resistant to pollution

    Gnetophytes

    • Closely related to angiosperms
    • Includes vines and low-growing plants in tropical areas
    • The Genus Ephedra produces ephedrine

    Seed Plants: Angiosperms

    • Flowering plants are called angiosperms (enclosed seeds)
    • Classified in a single division: Anthophyta
    • Dominate most terrestrial ecosystems
    • Major groups: Monocots and Eudicots
    • Key features: Flowers and fruit for reproduction

    Flowers

    • Modified leaves/sporophylls arranged around a central stalk
    • Consist of sepals, petals, pistils, and stamens
    • Sepals: Protect the unopened bud
    • Petals: Attract pollinators
    • Pistil: Female reproductive organ (stigma, style, ovary)
    • Stamen: Male reproductive organ (anther, filament)

    Fruit

    • A ripened, fertilized ovary
    • Includes fleshy fruits (berries, peaches, apples) and dry fruits (nuts, grains)
    • Dispersal agents are wind, water, and animals

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    Chapter 14b Seed Plants PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of gymnosperms, seed plants that produce seeds not enclosed in fruit. This quiz covers their structure, reproduction, and evolutionary significance, including the four major groups of gymnosperms. Test your knowledge of conifers and their role in the plant kingdom.

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