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Who is credited with beginning the transition from medieval to modern scientific botany?
Who is credited with beginning the transition from medieval to modern scientific botany?
What was the significance of the Renaissance on botany?
What was the significance of the Renaissance on botany?
What was the focus of Otto Brunfels' Herbarium of Life-like Images in Imitation of Nature?
What was the focus of Otto Brunfels' Herbarium of Life-like Images in Imitation of Nature?
Who is known as the Father of Modern Taxonomy?
Who is known as the Father of Modern Taxonomy?
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What was the title of Leonhard Fuchs' notable work on plant history?
What was the title of Leonhard Fuchs' notable work on plant history?
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What was the significance of the 18th century in the evolution of botanical knowledge?
What was the significance of the 18th century in the evolution of botanical knowledge?
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What was the focus of Gaspard Bauhin's Phytopinax?
What was the focus of Gaspard Bauhin's Phytopinax?
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Who is considered one of the three German Fathers of Botany?
Who is considered one of the three German Fathers of Botany?
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What was the significance of the invention of printing presses in the evolution of botanical knowledge?
What was the significance of the invention of printing presses in the evolution of botanical knowledge?
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What was the focus of Hieronymus Bock's Plant Book (Kreutterbuch)?
What was the focus of Hieronymus Bock's Plant Book (Kreutterbuch)?
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Who is known as the 'Father of Genetics' and formulated the laws of inheritance?
Who is known as the 'Father of Genetics' and formulated the laws of inheritance?
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What is the primary focus of modern botany?
What is the primary focus of modern botany?
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What is the term for the scientific theory introduced by Charles Robert Darwin?
What is the term for the scientific theory introduced by Charles Robert Darwin?
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What is the purpose of plant classification systems?
What is the purpose of plant classification systems?
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What is the term for the study of the geographic distribution and influence of plants on the earth's surface?
What is the term for the study of the geographic distribution and influence of plants on the earth's surface?
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Who is credited with developing a natural system of plant classification in the 18th century?
Who is credited with developing a natural system of plant classification in the 18th century?
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What is the term for the study of the distribution and abundance of plants, including their interaction with the environment?
What is the term for the study of the distribution and abundance of plants, including their interaction with the environment?
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What is the term for the process by which plants respond to stimuli?
What is the term for the process by which plants respond to stimuli?
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What is the term for the classification system that uses a hierarchical structure of domains, kingdoms, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species?
What is the term for the classification system that uses a hierarchical structure of domains, kingdoms, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species?
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What is the primary importance of plants?
What is the primary importance of plants?
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Who is known as the 'Father of Botany'?
Who is known as the 'Father of Botany'?
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What was the primary focus of 16th to 17th century botanists?
What was the primary focus of 16th to 17th century botanists?
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Who is credited with making the first illustrated herbals?
Who is credited with making the first illustrated herbals?
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What was the title of the work written by Dioscorides?
What was the title of the work written by Dioscorides?
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What was the significance of the Ebers Papyrus?
What was the significance of the Ebers Papyrus?
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Who was the first to use the word 'stamen'?
Who was the first to use the word 'stamen'?
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What was the primary method used by primitive men to distinguish edible from poisonous plants?
What was the primary method used by primitive men to distinguish edible from poisonous plants?
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Who studied the 'nature' of plants and was familiar with a wide range of biological facts?
Who studied the 'nature' of plants and was familiar with a wide range of biological facts?
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What was the focus of the Greeks in the development of plant science?
What was the focus of the Greeks in the development of plant science?
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Study Notes
Medieval - Renaissance Period
- The invention of printing presses and advancements in navigation led to the distribution of new books, making it easier to access knowledge about plants.
- Herbals were chief botanical books containing descriptions and illustrations of plants during this period.
German Fathers of Botany
- Hieronymus Bock (1498-1554) was one of the three German Fathers of Botany who began the transition from medieval to modern scientific botany through his books and system of classifying plants.
- Leonhard Fuchs (1501-1566) was another German Father of Botany who wrote notable commentaries on the history of plants and described 497 plants with over 500 woodcuts based on first-hand observation.
- Otto Brunfels (1488-1534) was the third German Father of Botany who created the Herbarium of Life-like Images in Imitation of Nature, a collection of original and detailed representations of live plants.
Other Botanists
- Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624) wrote Phytopinax, which described and classified plants by drawing comparisons to the later binomial nomenclature of Linnaeus.
The Modern Period
- Exploration in the 18th century led to the discovery of thousands of new plants, and plant life was divorced from superstition, folklore, and mythology.
- Andrea Cesalpino (1519-1603) wrote De Plantis Libri XVI, which classified plants according to their fruits and seeds without illustrations.
- Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) is considered the Father of Modern Taxonomy and wrote The Species of Plants, which classified all known plants according to the binomial system.
Definition of Botany and Plants
- Botany is the scientific study of plants, including their structure, functions, physiology, classification, origin, and evolution.
- Plants are multi-cellular eukaryotic living things that produce their own food through photosynthesis and have rigid cell walls, stems, leaves, and roots.
The Scientific Method
- The scientific method involves making observations, formulating hypotheses, and testing these hypotheses through experimentation.
Origin and Evolution of Plants
- Primitive men distinguished between edible and poisonous plants through trial and error.
- Greeks pioneered the expression of plant science problems and principles for practical reasons.
- Aristotle studied the "nature" of plants and was familiar with a wide range of biological facts.
- Theophrastus is considered the Father of Botany and wrote History of Plants, which classified crude plants into flowering and non-flowering plants.
Ancient Period
- Ebers Papyrus is one of the oldest surviving medical records made by the Egyptians.
- Crateuas is considered the Father of Botanical Illustrations and made the first illustrated herbals and treaties on pharmacology.
- Pliny the Elder wrote Natural History, which described the biological, medicinal, and agricultural aspects of plants.
- Pedanios Dioscorides studied the medicinal values of plants and described the medicinal properties of about 600 plant species.
16th-17th Century Botanists
- De Jussieu explored plants primarily for their curative qualities, focusing on plant classification.
Modern Botany
- The theory of organic evolution prepared the way for a natural system of classification, where plants related to one another through common ancestry are grouped together.
- Charles Darwin introduced the scientific theory of natural selection, leading to a more intensive study of the laws of variation and inheritance.
- Gregor Mendel is considered the Father of Genetics and formulated Mendel's Law of Inheritance.
Importance of Plants
- Plants are a fundamental source of food, shelter, fuel, and medicines.
- Plants provide aesthetic purposes to the environment, help conserve biodiversity, and serve as buffers to climate change.
- Plants are used and developed into medicines, such as Akapulko, Ampalaya, and Yerba buena.
Characteristics of Plants
- Plants are highly organized, take in and use energy, respond to stimuli, grow and develop, and reproduce.
- Plants adapt to their environment through changes that occur over a long period of time.
Classification of Plants
- Plants are classified into Domains, Kingdoms, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
- The binomial system of nomenclature is used to identify plants, such as Momordica charantia for Ampalaya.
Fields of Botany
- Taxonomy is the scientific study of classification and nomenclature of living things.
- Morphology is the scientific study of forms and structure of living things.
- Physiology is the scientific study of mechanisms and functions of living things.
- Plant ecology, phytogeography, paleobotany, economic botany, forestry, pharmacology, agriculture, soil science, agronomy, horticulture, and plant pathology are all disciplines of botany.
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Description
Learn about the development of botany during the Medieval-Renaissance period, including the invention of printing presses and the contributions of the German Fathers of Botany.
