Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which raw materials are used to produce gelatin?
Which raw materials are used to produce gelatin?
- Skin, bones, and tendons (correct)
- Hooves and horns
- Fruits and vegetables
- Milk and eggs
What is NOT a method for obtaining juices from plants?
What is NOT a method for obtaining juices from plants?
- Drainage of cut organs
- Incision
- Expression
- Filtration (correct)
What is an essential characteristic of gelatin?
What is an essential characteristic of gelatin?
- It is insoluble in cold water
- It forms a solid mass at room temperature
- It has a strong flavor
- It is odorless and tasteless (correct)
Which of the following statements about the amino acids in gelatin is true?
Which of the following statements about the amino acids in gelatin is true?
Which of the following is a pharmaceutical use of gelatin?
Which of the following is a pharmaceutical use of gelatin?
What is the primary plant product from which Aloe gel is derived?
What is the primary plant product from which Aloe gel is derived?
What temperature range is used in the drying process of gelatin?
What temperature range is used in the drying process of gelatin?
Which method is used to decalcify bones in the gelatin production process?
Which method is used to decalcify bones in the gelatin production process?
What is Aloe Dried Juice primarily obtained from?
What is Aloe Dried Juice primarily obtained from?
Which test produces a green fluorescence when Borax is added to the aloe filtrate?
Which test produces a green fluorescence when Borax is added to the aloe filtrate?
Which Aloe species does not produce any color in the Cupraloin Test?
Which Aloe species does not produce any color in the Cupraloin Test?
What is a common use of Aloe Dried Juice?
What is a common use of Aloe Dried Juice?
What main components is Aloe Gel primarily composed of?
What main components is Aloe Gel primarily composed of?
What method is used for collecting Aloe Gel?
What method is used for collecting Aloe Gel?
Which chemical constituents are present in Aloe Dried Juice?
Which chemical constituents are present in Aloe Dried Juice?
What is recommended to be used with aloes to avoid griping effects when taken as a purgative?
What is recommended to be used with aloes to avoid griping effects when taken as a purgative?
What is the primary function of agarose in agar?
What is the primary function of agarose in agar?
What process is involved in the preparation of agar?
What process is involved in the preparation of agar?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the solubility of agar?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the solubility of agar?
Which of the following tests would indicate the presence of sulphates in agar?
Which of the following tests would indicate the presence of sulphates in agar?
What is the primary role of agar in pharmaceutical and food industries?
What is the primary role of agar in pharmaceutical and food industries?
What is the nature of the polysaccharide composition of agar?
What is the nature of the polysaccharide composition of agar?
What is the primary method for extracting agar from the seaweeds?
What is the primary method for extracting agar from the seaweeds?
Which property of agar is affected by agaropectin?
Which property of agar is affected by agaropectin?
Flashcards
What are extracts?
What are extracts?
Extracts are drugs produced by evaporating the watery solution of certain plant parts.
What is Agar-agar?
What is Agar-agar?
Agar-agar is a dried, gel-forming substance extracted from red algae.
How is Agar-agar prepared?
How is Agar-agar prepared?
Collection and preparation of agar-agar involves drying, cleaning, and extracting the substance from red algae using boiling water.
Describe the physical characteristics of Agar-agar.
Describe the physical characteristics of Agar-agar.
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What are the main components of Agar-agar?
What are the main components of Agar-agar?
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What is agarose?
What is agarose?
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What is agaropectin?
What is agaropectin?
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What are the uses of Agar-agar?
What are the uses of Agar-agar?
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What is gelatin?
What is gelatin?
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How is gelatin made?
How is gelatin made?
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What are the physical characteristics of gelatin?
What are the physical characteristics of gelatin?
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What is glutin?
What is glutin?
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How is gelatin used in pharmaceuticals?
How is gelatin used in pharmaceuticals?
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How is gelatin used in the food industry?
How is gelatin used in the food industry?
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What is a plant juice?
What is a plant juice?
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What is aloe juice?
What is aloe juice?
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Aloe Dried Juice
Aloe Dried Juice
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Aloe Constituents
Aloe Constituents
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Aloe Chemical Tests
Aloe Chemical Tests
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Cupraloin Test
Cupraloin Test
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Aloe Dried Juice - Uses
Aloe Dried Juice - Uses
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Aloe Gel
Aloe Gel
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Aloe Gel - Constituents
Aloe Gel - Constituents
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Aloe Gel - Preparation
Aloe Gel - Preparation
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Study Notes
Unorganized Drugs
- Extracts are a group of drugs made by evaporating the aqueous decoction of plant parts.
Extracts
- Extracts are a group of drugs prepared by evaporating the aqueous decoction of specific plant parts.
Agar-Agar (Japanese Isinglass)
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Definition: Dried colloidal substance obtained by evaporating the aqueous decoction of bleached and dried red algae (mainly Gelidium species and Gracelaria species).
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Collection and Preparation: Seaweeds are collected, dried, cleaned of sand and shells, and bleached by the sun. They're then boiled in mildly acidic water (approximately 50 times their weight) for 5-6 hours. The decoction is filtered, cooled, and shaped into jelly in wooden boxes. The jelly is cut into bars and dried in ovens at 35°C.
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Physical Characteristics:
- Color: Yellowish white.
- Odor: Odorless
- Taste: Mucilaginous (pure) or salty (impure).
- Solubility: Absorbs cold water, and forms jelly when treated with hot water and cooled.
- Shape: Two forms—translucent yellowish-white strips or coarse powder/flakes.
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Constituents:
- Agarose: A neutral galactose polymer (alternating residues of 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose and D-galactose, free of sulphate). Responsible for the gel strength of agar.
- Agaropectin: A polysaccharide composed of galactose and uronic acid units, partly esterified with sulphuric acid. It doesn't form a gel but affects the solution's viscosity.
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Chemical tests:
- Positive Molisch's test
- Boil with dilute hydrochloric acid and filter; test the filtrate
- Fehling's reduction test
- Solution + BaCl2 (positive for sulfate)
- On powder
- Powder + N/50 12 = Crimson red color
- Powder + Ruthenium Red = Pink color
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Uses:
- Suspending, thickening, and emulsifying agent in pharmacy and food industry
- Nutrient medium in bacteriological cultures
- Treatment of chronic constipation as a bulk laxative
- Electrophoretic separation of globulin
- Stationary phase in gel chromatography
Gelatin
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Definition: Soluble protein produced by partial hydrolysis of insoluble collagenous by-products (such as skin, bones, and tendons) of the meat industry (from cattle and sheep). It's not prepared from hooves or horns.
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Preparation:
- Bones: Grounded, defatted with benzene, decalcified with acid, and washed with water.
- Skins and Tendons: Treated with dilute milk of lime (Ca(OH)2) for 20-30 days to remove fats, meat, and chondroprotein. The treated parts are washed and boiled under reduced pressure.
- The resulting solution is further evaporated under reduced pressure until the concentration reaches 45% gelatin, poured into flat trays to form a jelly, removed and transferred to trays, and dried gradually at different temperatures (30°, 40°, 50°, and 60°C) over approximately one month.
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Physical Characteristics: Colorless, odorless, tasteless sheets that dissolve in hot water, and swell in cold water.
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Constituents:
- Protein: Called glutin.
- Amino acids: Contains 19 amino acids.
- Nutrient value: Lower than other sources, as essential amino acids are present in traces.
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Chemical Tests:
- Powder + soda lime = Ammonia odor
- Solution + Millon's Reagent = White ppt. - Brick red
- Solution + Picric acid = Yellow ppt.
- Solution + Tannic acid = White ppt.
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Uses:
- Pharmaceutical: Suppositories, hard/soft gelatin capsules, suspending/stabilizing/thickening agent. Especially purified and pyrogen-free gelatins are used as vehicles for intravenous injections.
- Bacteriological: Culture media.
- Medicinal: Plasma substitute and protective drug for the stomach.
- Food industry: Jelly production
Juices
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Definition: Fluid plant saps composed of aqueous liquid containing dissolved substances. Often found within plant cells or cavities.
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Extraction: Obtained from plants through incision, drainage of cut organs, or expression.
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Post collection: Dried through evaporation of water content.
Aloes
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Definition: Dried juice from cut leaves of various Aloe species (e.g., Cape Aloes, Curaçao Aloes, Socotrine/Zanzibar Aloes). Part of the Liliaceae family.
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Collection and Preparation: Aloe juice is extracted from the pericycle cells beneath the epidermis.
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Constituents: Contain various anthracene derivatives (either free or glycosides). Specific examples of Aloe glycosides and aglycones are also provided as chemical structures.
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Chemical Tests:
- General Tests: Boil 1 g of powdered aloe with 20-25 mL water for 3 minutes; cool, shake with kieselguhr (filter aid); filter. Test the filtrate.
- Borax Test: Add 0.5 g Borax to 5 mL of the filtrate and heat. A green fluorescence is produced with all kinds of aloes.
- Modified Borntrager's Test: 5 mL filtrate + 10 mL ferric chloride + 5 mL dilute HCL, heat for 10 min, filter, cool, extract with organic solvent (benzene or chloroform). Separate the organic layer, shake with dilute ammonia. Rose red color in the aqueous layer.
- Specific Test (Cupraloin): Dilute 2 ml filtrate with 5 ml water, add 1 drop of copper sulfate solution and warm, add 0.5 ml saturated sodium chloride plus 1 ml alcohol (90%). Results differ depending upon the type of aloe.
- General Tests: Boil 1 g of powdered aloe with 20-25 mL water for 3 minutes; cool, shake with kieselguhr (filter aid); filter. Test the filtrate.
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Uses:
- Stimulant purgative that improves digestion, but not a carminative drug. Used in conjunction with a carminative drug to avoid griping effects.
- Antimicrobial and antiviral.
- Fresh juice can heal burns.
Aloe Gel
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Definition: Colorless, mucilaginous gel obtained from the parenchyma cells in the fresh leaves of Aloe barbadensis (Liliaceae).
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Preparation: Obtained from the inner portion of the leaf by removing the outer layers.
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Constituents: Primarily composed of water and polysaccharides, with additional amino acids, lipids, sterols, and tannins.
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Uses: Widely used for the external treatment of minor wounds, and inflammatory skin disorders. Used in treating minor skin irritations (like burns, bruises, and abrasions). Also used in cosmetics (as a hydrating ingredient for liquids, creams, sun lotions, shaving creams, lip balms, healing ointments, and face packs).
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of botanical drugs with a focus on extracts and agar-agar. Learn about the preparation methods, physical characteristics, and uses of these unique substances derived from plants. This quiz will challenge your knowledge of plant-derived pharmaceutical products.