Botanical Medicine for URTI
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Questions and Answers

What is a potential side-effect of taking vitamin C supplements?

  • Otitis media
  • Copper deficiency
  • Kidney stones only in people with a history of oxalate kidney stones
  • Osmotic diarrhea and GI upset (correct)

    • What is a consideration when taking zinc supplements?

  • Taking it with food to avoid GI upset (correct)
  • Taking it on an empty stomach to avoid GI upset
  • Avoiding it in people with a history of kidney stones
  • Taking it with antibiotics to enhance absorption

    • What is a potential benefit of taking probiotics?

  • Enhancing the absorption of antibiotics
  • Preventing respiratory symptoms and infections (correct)
  • Reducing the risk of kidney stones
  • Treating oxalate kidney stones

    • What is a precaution when selecting probiotics for supplementation?

    <p>Selecting a brand with studied strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk associated with taking vitamin C supplements in individuals with a history of oxalate kidney stones?

    <p>Increased risk of kidney stones by 40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side-effect of taking zinc supplements?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of taking probiotics in relation to antibiotics?

    <p>Mitigating the side-effects of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended dosage range for zinc supplementation in adults?

    <p>30-50 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the BotMed therapeutic approach for URTI?

    <p>To follow the 'H.E.M.P' formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Hydrastis canadensis?

    <p>Stimulating digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of Echinacea in the context of URTI?

    <p>Immunostimulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of Hydrastis canadensis?

    <p>Gastric or stomach ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical composition of Hydrastis canadensis?

    <p>Isoquinoline alkaloids (berberine, hydrastine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible side effect of using Hydrastis canadensis?

    <p>GI irritation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main indication for the use of Echinacea?

    <p>Strep throat, colds, vaginal candidiasis, UTI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the caution associated with the use of Echinacea?

    <p>Autoimmunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Boswellia serrata?

    <p>Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the daily therapeutic dose of Boswellia serrata tincture?

    <p>2-4 mL (1:5 in 90%)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the Boswellia serrata plant is used?

    <p>Resin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Capsicum frutescens?

    <p>Stimulant and circulatory tonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage of Boswellia serrata in powdered or encapsulated form?

    <p>300-3000 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the safety rating of Boswellia serrata during pregnancy and lactation?

    <p>Not established</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Commiphora myrrha?

    <p>Antimicrobial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the Phytolacca americana plant is used?

    <p>Root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary safety concern for Usnea barbata?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an action of Allium sativum?

    <p>Lymphatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for Thymus vulgaris?

    <p>Colds and flu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of reducing sugar intake in nutrition?

    <p>Support immune system function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of excessive sugar consumption on the microbiome?

    <p>Increases inflammatory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of excessive sugar consumption on neutrophils?

    <p>Decreases function but not number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treatment in this context?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of glucocorticoids on gene transcription?

    <p>A large number of gene transcription changes take place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of glucocorticoids on inflammatory mediators?

    <p>Upregulation of anti-inflammatory mediators and downregulation of inflammatory mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of topical glucocorticoids on the skin?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a topical drug vehicle?

    <p>To stabilize and store the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Class 1 topical glucocorticoids?

    <p>High potency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for Urtica urens in homeopathy?

    <p>Skin itching, burning, and stinging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Rhus toxicodendron in homeopathy?

    <p>Itchy skin, redness, and stiffness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Bupleureum chinensis in botanical medicine?

    <p>Hepatic, alterative, and anti-inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the daily therapeutic dose of Bupleureum chinensis tincture?

    <p>6-12 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the safety consideration for Bupleureum chinensis?

    <p>Avoid in cold conditions or constitutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of RUMEX CRISPUS in terms of mental symptoms?

    <p>Nervous, restless, and sad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT characteristic of SPONGIA TOSTA?

    <p>Itching skin on exposure to heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a general symptom of RUMEX CRISPUS?

    <p>Sensitive to cold air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a local symptom of SPONGIA TOSTA?

    <p>Airways dry, throat constricted, raw or sore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of RUMEX CRISPUS in terms of cough?

    <p>Dry tickling cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a general aggravation factor for SPONGIA TOSTA?

    <p>Before midnight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a local symptom of RUMEX CRISPUS?

    <p>Thick mucus in larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a general amelioration factor for RUMEX CRISPUS?

    <p>Sucking on candy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a source of Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2)?

    <p>Mushrooms and alfalfa sprouts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of Vitamin A deficiency?

    <p>Night blindness and eye dryness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of supplementing Vitamin D on skin conditions?

    <p>It reduces inflammation and eczema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Long-chain Fatty Acids?

    <p>14-24 carbon chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What population is at increased risk of Vitamin A deficiency?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a study on Vitamin A supplementation in patients with eczema?

    <p>75% of patients showed improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A deficiency in dietary protein can lead to impaired immune function and increased susceptibility to what?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of honey in the context of upper respiratory tract infections?

    <p>Antimicrobial properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of vitamin D in the context of upper respiratory tract infections?

    <p>Vitamin D supplementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics?

    <p>Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria, while bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit their growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of penicillin V?

    <p>Streptococcal pharyngitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration when taking probiotics?

    <p>They should be taken following antibiotic use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of increasing dietary protein in the context of upper respiratory tract infections?

    <p>It activates lymph cells and supports immune function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary precaution when using honey in the context of upper respiratory tract infections?

    <p>It should not be used in infants under 1 year old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main action of Calendula officinalis?

    <p>Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Centella asiatica?

    <p>It increases antioxidant levels within the wound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Plantago lanceolata?

    <p>Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Matricaria recutita?

    <p>It has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Ipecacuanha?

    <p>It relieves cough and nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Calendula officinalis?

    <p>It has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Centella asiatica?

    <p>It reduces inflammation and promotes wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Plantago lanceolata?

    <p>It has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Matricaria recutita?

    <p>It has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a safety consideration for Centella asiatica?

    <p>It can cause contact dermatitis with long-term use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of iron in animal products occurs in the heme form?

    <p>50-60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary issue with COX-1 inhibition?

    <p>Gastrointestinal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contra-indication for acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in children?

    <p>Viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of acetaminophen?

    <p>No significant effect on COX-1, COX-2, or COX-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for celecoxib?

    <p>Osteoarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of major GI bleeding associated with NSAID use?

    <p>1-2% of people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Corydalis yanhusuo?

    <p>Hepatic, calminative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern for vitamin C supplementation in individuals with a history of kidney stones?

    <p>Oxalate stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary affinity of Bryonia alba in homeopathy?

    <p>Joints, tendons, and connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Rhus tox in homeopathy?

    <p>Joint and tendon pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of including vitamin C-rich foods in a diet?

    <p>Enhancing immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nutrients is essential for maintaining immune responses?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a diet that supports immune function?

    <p>Rich in fermented foods and probiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods is a rich source of zinc?

    <p>Oysters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of a diet lacking essential nutrients?

    <p>Altered immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of probiotics?

    <p>Found in fermented foods and supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why H.influenzae and M.catarrhalis produce resistance to antibiotics?

    <p>Production of beta-lactamases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the combination of antibiotics typically used for treatment failure or recurrence?

    <p>Amoxicillin and clavulanate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of combination therapy in pneumonia treatment?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Drosera in homeopathy?

    <p>Treatment of respiratory illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the cough experienced by individuals who may benefit from Drosera?

    <p>A tormenting cough with paroxysms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mental symptom commonly associated with Drosera?

    <p>Suspiciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should treatment failure be considered in pneumonia treatment?

    <p>After 72 hours of treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using clavulanate in combination with amoxicillin?

    <p>To overcome the resistance of H.influenzae and M.catarrhalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Boswellia serrata?

    <p>Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, astringent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the part of the Boswellia serrata plant that is used in botanical medicine?

    <p>Resin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Capsicum frutescens?

    <p>Stimulant, circulatory tonic, rubefacient, sialagogue, libido tonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the daily therapeutic dose of Boswellia serrata in powdered or encapsulated form?

    <p>300-3000 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for Boswellia serrata in botanical medicine?

    <p>Inflammatory joint conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the safety rating of Boswellia serrata during pregnancy and lactation?

    <p>Not established</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of glucocorticoids on gene transcription?

    <p>Gene activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a topical drug vehicle?

    <p>To stabilize, store, and deliver the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Class 1 topical glucocorticoids?

    <p>Highest potency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for Urtica urens in homeopathy?

    <p>Skin itching, burning, and stinging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Rhus toxicodendron in homeopathy?

    <p>Itchy skin, red, and swollen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Bupleureum chinensis in botanical medicine?

    <p>Hepatic, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the safety consideration for Bupleureum chinensis?

    <p>Avoid use in cold conditions or constitutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of topical glucocorticoids on the skin?

    <p>They increase skin atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the BotMed therapeutic approach for joint pain?

    <p>To treat the underlying cause of the condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Graphites in homeopathy?

    <p>Itchy skin, dry, and cracked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet?

    <p>Meats are avoided, while milk and eggs are allowed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of omega-3 fatty acid supplements in RA patients?

    <p>Reduce morning stiffness and joint pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do doctors prescribe folate supplements to patients taking methotrexate?

    <p>Because methotrexate destroys folate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for iron supplementation in patients with chronic inflammatory joint conditions?

    <p>To prevent anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding folate to food in Canada?

    <p>To prevent neural tube defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a vegan diet?

    <p>All products originating from animals are avoided</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of omega-3 fatty acids that has been shown to reduce joint pain and morning stiffness in RA patients?

    <p>Fish oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of folate in the context of RA?

    <p>It is destroyed by methotrexate, a common RA medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    which of these symptoms are the keynote of Colocynth?

    <p>strong anger and vexation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    a 64 year old woman is experiencing severe shooting pain in her back since a few days ago. she also feels weak, and her knee randomly gives out while walking. she is constantly worried about her health and family which gives her a butterfly sensation in the stomach. which homeopathic remedy matches her symptoms the most?

    <p>kali carb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    your patient is very weak but restless, waking up every night at 2 am with anxiety and its hard for him to fall back asleep. he is constantly thirsty but takes small sips frequently. which homeopathy remedy resonates with him the best?

    <p>arsenicum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    a 35 year old female is in your clinic presenting with depression after breaking up with her partner recently. this was very unexpected and shocking to her. she is experiencing strong mood swings, feeling lump in her throat and sighing constantly. which homeopathic remedy will help the most?

    <p>ignatia amara</p> Signup and view all the answers

    which of the following drugs enhance inhibitory gabaergic neurotransmission

    <p>clonazepam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    a patient complaining of increasing dreaming, electric shocks, and flulike symptoms after cutting their pills in half to make them last longer may be experiencing which of the following?

    <p>antidepressant discontinuation syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    which of the following drugs is classified as a non-benzodiazepine antispasmodic?

    <p>methocarbamol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    susan, a 72 year old woman with chronic kidney disease is concerned about low back pain. she drinks 3 glasses of wine every day. she also feels muscle spasms, headaches, constipation. which one of the following supplements is the best option for susan?

    <p>magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    sarah is a 25 year old student. she is concerned about fatigue and low mood. she does not have motivation for daily tasks and feels hopeless. sarah is following a healthy vegan diet for the last 7 years but is not receiving any supplements. she wants to know if there is a supplement that you can recommend for depression and fatigue. which do you choose?

    <p>all options are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    which of the following NSAIDs acts through non-competitive inhibition of COX enzymes?

    <p>acetylsalicylic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    which remedy would you think for a case of arthritis that pain gets worse with slight movement and patient needs to hold the painful area to prevent any movement?

    <p>bryonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    which of the following is not a keynote of Rhus tox.

    <p>amelioration with cold compress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    49 year old married mother. seven months ago, she began noticing stiffness in both hands in the morning that lasted longer and sitffness. at her visit with the rheumatologist, she was diagnosed with RA. she was recommended methotrexate. which of the following supplements would you recommend?

    <p>vitamin B9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    a high potency topical corticosteroid would be an appropriate initial recommendation for the treatment of which following body areas?

    <p>palm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    a child with an allergic reaction presents to your clinic. the skin of their chest and arms is covered with red welts and scratch marks. what question could potentially help you differentiate between your top remedies for hives/urticaria?

    <p>what happens with warm or cold compresses, baths?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    which remedy would you think of for a case of herpes simplex, where eruptions appear at the corner of the lips and behind the ears?

    <p>graphites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    which of these symptoms is a keynote of sulphur?

    <p>not hungry in the morning until about 11 am</p> Signup and view all the answers

    a 32 year old pregnant female is concerned about skin dryness and eczema. you tell susan to be cautious about taking this supplement.

    <p>vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    the resistance mechanism produced by H influenzae can be overcome by which of the following strategies?

    <p>giving amoxicillin and clavulanate together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    URTI (Bacterial)

    • BotMed Prescription/Method Description: "H.E.M.P" formula, which stands for Hydrastis, Echinacea, Myrrh, and Phytolacca.
      • Hydrastis (Goldenseal): "King of mucus membranes", used for respiratory and gastrointestinal tract issues, with antichathartic state.
        • Actions: Antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasite, digestive, and bitter.
        • Chemicals: Isoquinoline alkaloids (berberine, hydrastine).
        • Safety: Avoid use with gastric/stomach ulcers, may cause GI irritation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
      • Echinacea (Purple Cone Flower): Immunostimulant, used for strep throat, colds, vaginal candidiasis, and UTI.
        • Actions: Immunostimulant.
        • Chemicals: Phytochemical (alkylamide, phenolics, and polysaccharides).
        • Safety: Caution with autoimmunity, safe with pregnancy.
      • Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha): Antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, analgesic, expectorant, and astringent.
        • Actions: Antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, analgesic, expectorant, and astringent.
        • Chemicals: Oleoresin, sesquiterpenes.
        • Safety: Do not use with pregnancy.
      • Phytolacca (Poke Weed): Lymphatic, emetic, and purgative.
        • Actions: Lymphatic, emetic, and purgative.
        • Chemicals: Triterpenoid glycosides, lectins, and pokeweed antiviral protein (PEP).
        • Safety: Toxic, may cause violent emesis, catharsis, or death, do not use with pregnancy.

    Nutrition

    • Objectives: Reduce sugar intake, increase protein intake, and consume honey, probiotics, and vitamins D.
    • Treatment Goals: Reduce uncomfortable symptomatic experience, reduce severity and duration of illness, support full recovery, prevent sequela, and prevent re-occurrence following resolution.
    • Sugar: Too much sugar inhibits the immune system, increases pro-inflammatory proteins, and changes the microbiome.
    • Vitamin C: Consider bowel tolerance with dosing, potential for osmotic diarrhea and GI upset, and precipitate kidney stones in susceptible individuals.
    • Zinc: 30-50 mg/day for adults, take with food to avoid GI upset, and caution with copper deficiency.
    • Probiotics: Oral probiotics help with respiratory function, prevention of respiratory symptoms/infections, otitis media, and potential GI upset.

    Topical Drug Vehicles

    • Type of Vehicle Needed: Depends on the prescription, including creams, gels, lotions, ointments, and foams.
    • Potency: TCS potency divided into 7 classes, with Class 1 being the highest potency and Class 7 being the lowest potency.

    Homeopathy

    • Urtica Urens (Dwarf Nettle): Used for skin issues, itching, burning, and stinging, with swelling and edema.
    • Rhus Toxicodendron (Poison Ivy): Used for skin issues, itchy skin, redness, and affinity for skin, mucous membranes, and fibrous tissue.
    • Sulphur: Used for skin issues, itchy skin, redness, and burning, with a tendency toward being opinionated, critical, and independent.
    • Graphites: Used for skin issues, rough skin, scars, eruptions, cracks, and infections, with a tendency toward being dull, slow, timid, and reserved.

    Joint Pain

    • Bot Med: Used to treat joint pain, with a focus on hepatic and anti-inflammatory actions.
    • Bupleureum Chinensis (Chai Hu): Used for joint pain, with a focus on hepatic, alterative, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective actions.
    • Boswellia Serrata (Frankincense): Used for joint pain, with a focus on antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and astringent actions.
    • Capsicum Frutescens (Cayenne): Used for joint pain, with a focus on stimulant, circulatory tonic, rubefacient, sialagogue, and libido tonic actions.

    <|end_header_id|> of to the sample and difference in of long<|end_header_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant### Iron Sources

    • Heme iron is derived from hemoglobin and myoglobin, found only in animal products such as meat, fish, poultry, oysters, and clams
    • 50-60% of the iron in animal products occurs in the heme form
    • Non-heme iron is found in meats, beans, dark greens, leafy veggies, dried fruits, blackstrap molasses, and enriched foods like flour, breads, pastas, and cereals

    NSAIDs

    • NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) are commonly prescribed medications for pain and inflammation
    • They make up 5-10% of all medications prescribed each year
    • Up to 96% of patients over 65 use NSAIDs in family practice settings
    • Types of NSAIDs:
      • Non-specific COX inhibitors (e.g., acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), ibuprofen)
      • COX-2 specific inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib)
      • Non-specific COX inhibitors without anti-inflammatory effect (e.g., acetaminophen)

    Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA)

    • Causes irreversible inhibition of COX by covalent bond of acetyl group
    • Dosing: adults, 325-650mg Q4H (every 4 hours), max 4g/day
    • Lasts 6 hours, hits in 1 hour
    • Contraindicated in children with viral infections
    • Adverse effects:
      • GI irritation, ulcers, bleeding
      • Tinnitus, an early sign of salicylate toxicity
      • Hyperventilation, fever, dehydration, metabolic acidosis, impairment of hemostasis
      • Hypersensitivity reactions are uncommon but potentially fatal
      • 5% cross-reactivity with other NSAIDs

    Ibuprofen

    • Dosing: adults, 200-400mg Q6-8 hours, max 1200mg/day
    • Onset of action: 30-60 minutes, duration of action: 4-6 hours
    • Adverse effects:
      • GI irritation, nausea, dyspepsia, bleeding
      • Hepatic toxicity
      • Renal toxicity, including acute renal failure if dehydration occurs

    Acetaminophen

    • Little effect on COX-1 or COX-2
    • Dosing: adults, 325-650mg Q4H, max 4g/day
    • Onset of action: under 1 hour, duration of action: 4-6 hours
    • Risks:
      • Rapidly absorbed from the gut
      • Minimal plasma protein binding
      • Widely distributed to peripheral tissue and CNS
      • Toxic intermediate formed with CYP1A2, 2E1, 3A isoenzymes
      • Glutathione depletion can lead to hepatic necrosis

    Celecoxib

    • Selective COX-2 inhibitor
    • Dosing: 100mg BID PO or 200mg daily PO for osteoarthritis
    • Risks:
      • Increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality
      • Does not inhibit platelet aggregation

    Gastroprotection Strategies

    • Using COX-2 selective NSAIDs
    • Using prostaglandin analogues (misoprostol)
    • Using proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole)
    • Risk factors for major GI bleeding:
      • Increased age
      • Concomitant use of systemic corticosteroids or warfarin
      • History of GI bleeding or peptic ulcer disease

    Homeopathy

    • Bryonia alba (white bryony):
      • Affinities: tendons, ligaments, or connective tissue
      • Causes inflammation and dryness
      • Worse with motion, better with rest and strong pressure
    • Rhus tox (Poison ivy):
      • Affinities: joint/tendon/muscle ailment with stiffness
      • Skin: face, scalp, genitals, glands, nerves, mucus membranes, red skin, itchy, herpes
      • Worse with wet, cold air, motion
      • Better from continued motion, change in position, hot drinks
    • Ledum (Marsh tea):
      • Acute gouty pain of ankle and knee
      • Worse with heat, in bed at night, motion
      • Better with cold, soaking in cold water

    Botanical Medicine (Low Back Pain)

    • Same botanicals as joint pain, with exceptions of Corydalis yanhusuo
    • Corydalis yanhusuo (yan hou so):
      • Actions: analgesic, hepatic, warming, calminative
      • Constituents: alkaloids, volatile oils
      • Indications: any pain
      • Safety: do not use in pregnancy, drowsiness with high dose

    Nutrition

    • Focus on:
      • Vitamin C
      • Magnesium
      • Proteolytic enzymes
      • Vitamin D
    • Vitamin C:
      • Increases calcium absorption = strong bones/healing
      • Risk of deficiency:
        • Children < 1 year
        • The elderly, especially those in nursing homes
        • Low fruit and vegetable intake
        • Cigarette smokers
        • People with gastro-esophageal reflux disease
      • Sources: fruits (kiwi, papaya, strawberry, citrus), etc.

    Foundational Health Management Plan

    • Vitamin C can be found in fruits and vegetables, such as citrus fruits (e.g., lemon, which contains ~45 mg of vitamin C per lemon)
    • Zinc can be found in meats, poultry, seafood, legumes, and seeds (e.g., 6 medium oysters contain 33 mg of zinc)
    • Probiotics can be found in fermented foods, such as sauerkraut, kimchi, yogurt, and tempeh
    • A diet with enough nutrients is essential for immune function
    • Deficiencies in zinc, selenium, iron, copper, folic acid, and vitamins A, B6, C, D, and E can alter immune responses

    Pneumonia Treatment

    • The combination of amoxicillin and clavulanate is typically used for treatment failure or recurrence of pneumonia
    • Diarrhea is a common adverse effect of combination therapy

    Homeopathy

    Drosera (Common Sundew)

    • Used to treat respiratory illnesses such as whooping cough, laryngitis, bronchitis, and tuberculosis
    • Characterized by tormenting cough, paroxysms, and a ringing cough
    • Patients may hold their chest to cough due to pain
    • Mental state: suspicious of others, easily angered
    • Symptoms worsen in the evening, after midnight, and after drinking, exertion, singing, or smoking

    Urtica Urens (Dwarf Nettle)

    • Used to treat skin conditions such as itching, burning, and stinging
    • Characterized by swelling, edema, and heat
    • Patients may experience sudden, rapidly developing complaints
    • Mental state: passionate, intense emotions not easily expressed

    Rhus Toxicodendron

    • Used to treat skin conditions such as itchy skin, redness, and urticaria
    • Characterized by restlessness, stiffness, and improvement with continuous motion
    • Patients may experience cold dampness and prefer heat and hot baths
    • Mental state: busy, restless, and superstitious

    Sulphur

    • Used to treat skin conditions such as itchy skin, red orifices, and back pain
    • Characterized by opinionated, critical, and independent mental states
    • Patients may experience burning discharges, quick motions, and plethoric skin

    Graphites

    • Used to treat skin conditions such as rough, scarred, and infected skin
    • Characterized by digestive issues, obesity, and chilliness
    • Patients may experience constipation, timidness, and insecurity

    Botanical Medicine (Week 4)

    Joint Pain

    • Treat RA as an immune-mediated inflammatory condition
    • Treat OA or degenerative conditions by promoting circulation
    • More inflammation: favor hepatics
    • More swelling: favor diuretics
    • Feeling of cold in the joints: use cayenne internally and topically

    Bupleureum Chinensis (Chai Hu)

    • Primary actions: hepatic, alterative, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective
    • Constituents: triterpene saponins, sterols, volatile oils, and polysaccharides
    • Daily therapeutic dose: 6-12 mL (1:5 in 40%) tincture or 3-12 g infusion/decoction
    • Safety: avoided in cold conditions or constitutions, not established during pregnancy and lactation

    Boswellia Serrata (Frankincense)

    • Primary actions: antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and astringent
    • Constituents: resins, boswellic acid, and volatile oils
    • Daily therapeutic dose: 2-4 mL (1:5 in 90%) tincture
    • Cautions/Contraindications: considered safe, though not generally taken internally in large amounts

    Capsicum Frutescens (Cayenne)

    • Primary actions: stimulant, circulatory tonic, rubefacient, sialagogue, and libido tonic
    • Daily therapeutic dose: 300-3000 mg (as powder or encapsulated supplement)

    Diet and Nutrition

    Omega-3 Fatty Acids

    • Prevent or improve experimental arthritis
    • Supplements can reduce joint pain and morning stiffness in RA patients

    Folate

    • A common RA medication, methotrexate, destroys folate
    • Food sources: green vegetables, mushrooms, legumes, strawberries, and oranges
    • Folate supplements may be prescribed to those on methotrexate

    Iron

    • Anemia is common in patients with chronic inflammatory joint conditions such as RA
    • Two types of iron exist: ferrous and ferric iron

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    NMT 150 Test 1 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the use of botanical medicine in treating upper respiratory tract infections, specifically the H.E.M.P formula and its components.

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