Unorganized Drugs PDF

Unorganized Drugs Extracts  Definition Extracts are group of drugs prepared by evaporating the aqueous decoction of certain plant parts.  Agar- Agar (Japanese Isinglass)  Definition It is the dried colloidal substance obtained by evaporating the aqueous decoc...

Unorganized Drugs Extracts  Definition Extracts are group of drugs prepared by evaporating the aqueous decoction of certain plant parts.  Agar- Agar (Japanese Isinglass)  Definition It is the dried colloidal substance obtained by evaporating the aqueous decoction made from bleached and dried species of red algae mainly Gelidium species family Gelidiaceae and Gracelaria species family: Gracelariaceae.  Collection and Preparation The seaweeds are collected from the oceans and spread to dry. The dried seaweeds are then beaten to remove sand and shells, washed and bleached by sun. Then it is extracted by boiling with very faintly acidulated water about 50 times its weight for 5-6 hours. The decoction is filtered through cloth and put in shallow wooden boxes to cool and form jelly. The jelly is cut by knives into long bars and finally dried in ovens at 35 ˚C.  Physical Characters Color: Yellowish white. Odor: Odorless. Taste: Mucilaginous (Pure) or salty (impure). Solubility: swells in cold water and forms jelly when treated with hot water and cooled. Shape: Agar occurs in two forms: Bundles of translucent yellowish- white strips. Coarse powder or flakes.  Constituents It is polysaccharide in nature composed of two fractions: Agarose: it is a neutral galactose polymer (alternate residue of 3,6- anhydro-L- galactose and D- galactose and free from sulphate). It is responsible for the gel strength of agar.  Agaropectin: It is a polysaccharide composed of galactose and uronic acid units that are partly esterified with sulphuric acid. It is the non jelling fraction but affects the viscosity of the solution  Chemical Tests Positive Molisch's test. Boil with dil. HCl and filter, on the filterate carry out the following tests: a. Fehling's reduction Test ………… Positive b. Solution + BaCl2 ---------- White ppt. (Positive for sulphate). On powder carry out the following tests: Powder + N/50 I2 --------------- Crimson red color. Powder + Ruthenium Red ------ Pink color  Uses As suspending, thickening and emulsifying agent in pharmacy and food industry. As nutrient media in bacteriological cultures. In treatment of chronic constipation as bulk laxative. Agarose is used for electrophoretic separation of globulin. As a stationary phase in gel chromatography technique. Gelatin  Definition It is a soluble protein produced by partial hydrolysis of insoluble collagenous by-products of meat industry such as skin, bones and tendons of cattle and sheep. It should not be prepared from hooves or horns.  Preparation Bones: are grounded, defatted with benzene, decalcified with acid and finally washed with water. Skins and tendons: are treated with dil. Milk of lime Ca(OH)2 for 20-30 days to remove fats, meat and chondroprotein. The treated parts are washed and boiled with water under reduced pressure.  The resulted clear liquid is then evaporated under reduced pressure till reach 45% conc. Of gelatin. The concentrated extract is then poured in shallow metal trays and allowed to form jelly. The jelly is removed and put in wire bottom trays and passed through rooms of temperatures 30, 40, 50 and 60 ˚C. This drying process resulted in a dry product in about one month.  Physical Characters Gelatin is provided in colorless sheets, odorless, tasteless, it is soluble in hot water and swells in cold water  Constituents It is composed of a protein called glutin. It contains 19 amino acids. It is of less nutrient value since the essential amino acids are present in traces.  Chemical Tests Powder + soda lime ------------- Ammonia odor. Solution+ Millon's Reagent ------ White ppt. ------- Brick red. Solution + Picric acid -------------- Yellow ppt. Solution + Tannic acid ------------- White ppt.  Uses Pharmaceutical Uses: In suppositories, hard and soft gelatin capsules. As suspending, stabilizing and thickening agent. Specially purified and pyrogen-free gelatins are used as vehicles for I.V. injections. In bacteriological culture media.  Medicinal Uses: As plasma substituent and as protective drug for stomach. In Food Industry: In Jelly production. Juices  Definition Juices are fluid plant saps composed of aqueous liquid containing dissolved substances. They are usually present in cells (e.g. Aloes) or cavities ( e.g. Kino). Juices could be obtained from plants by incision (e.g. Kino), drainage of cut organs (e.g. Aloes) or by expression (e.g. Echinaceae). After collection they are dried by evaporation of the water contents. Aloes  Aloe plant is the source of two products used for different therapeutic purposes: The dried juice and Aloe gel. Aloe Dried Juice  Definition It is the solid residue obtained by evaporating the juice drained from the cut leaves of : Aloe ferox :Cape Aloes Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) : Curacao Aloes Aloe perryi: Socotrine or Zanzibar Aloes Family Liliaceae. Cape Aloes Curacao Aloes Socotrin Aloes  Collection and Preparation Aloe juice is present in large cells in the pericycle just beneath the epidermis.  Constituents Aloes contain a number of Anthracene derivatives both in free state or as glycosides. C- glycoside O- glycoside Aglycones Barbaloin Aloinosides A, Aloe- emodin B… Chrysophanol  Chemical Tests A. General Tests: Boil 1 gm of powdered aloe with 20-25 ml water for 3 min., cool, shake with kieselguhr (as filter aid) and filter. On the filtrate carry out the following: Borax Test: Add 0.5 gm Borax to 5 ml of the filterate and heat. A green fluorescence is produced with all kinds of Aloes.  ii- Modified Borntragar's Test: 5 ml filterate + 10 ml Ferric chloride+ 5 ml dil. HCl Heat for 10 min. Filter, cool, extract with organic solvent (benzene or chloroform). Separate the organic layer, shake with dil. Ammonia ---- Rose red color in the aqueous layer.  B. Specific Test Cupraloin Test (for isobarbaloin): Dilute 2 ml of the filterate with 5 ml water Add one drop of copper sulphate solution and warm. Add 0.5 ml of saturated sodium chloride then 1 ml alcohol 90%. Curacao Aloe---------------- deep wine red color Cape Aloe-------------------- pale wine red color Socotrine and Zanzibar------ No color  Uses As stimulant purgative, improves digestion and does not lose its activity by repetition. However, a carminative drug is recommended to be used with aloes to avoid its griping effect. It has antimicrobial and antiviral activity. The fresh juice is used to heal burns. Aloe Gel  Definition Aloe Gel is the colourless mucilaginous gel obtained from the parenchymatous cells in the fresh leaves of Aloe barbadensis f. (Liliaceae)  Preparation Aloe gel is obtained from the cells making up the inner portion of the leaf. The manual way is to remove the outer layers of the leaf, having the inner core of the gel.  Constituents Aloe Gel consists primarily of water and polysaccharides. It also contains amino acids, lipids, sterols and tannins.  Uses Aloe Gel is widely used for the external treatment of minor wounds and inflammatory skin disorders. The gel is used in the treatment of minor skin irritations, including burns, bruises, and abrasions. The gel is further used in the cosmetics industry as a hydrating ingredient in liquids, creams, sun lotions, shaving creams, lip balms, healing ointments, and face packs.