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Questions and Answers
What type of joint is characterized as freely movable?
What type of joint is characterized as freely movable?
Which joint functional classification allows for rotation?
Which joint functional classification allows for rotation?
What movement occurs in the sagittal plane?
What movement occurs in the sagittal plane?
Which of the following is NOT a technique for ligament repair?
Which of the following is NOT a technique for ligament repair?
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Which type of graft uses the patient's own tissue?
Which type of graft uses the patient's own tissue?
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What is a primary goal of joint surgery?
What is a primary goal of joint surgery?
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What material is commonly used in joint replacements due to its biocompatibility?
What material is commonly used in joint replacements due to its biocompatibility?
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What is the term for the angle calculation involving the arctangent of movement coordinates?
What is the term for the angle calculation involving the arctangent of movement coordinates?
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What is the stress experienced in tensile loading?
What is the stress experienced in tensile loading?
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Which type of cartilage is primarily found in the external ear?
Which type of cartilage is primarily found in the external ear?
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What is the primary function of proteoglycans in cartilage?
What is the primary function of proteoglycans in cartilage?
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What happens to the normal stress on a positive face when a shear force is applied?
What happens to the normal stress on a positive face when a shear force is applied?
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What defines the neutral axis in a bending scenario?
What defines the neutral axis in a bending scenario?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of chondrocytes in cartilage?
Which of the following is NOT a function of chondrocytes in cartilage?
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What role does collagen play in the structure of cartilage?
What role does collagen play in the structure of cartilage?
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What is a characteristic of fibrocartilage?
What is a characteristic of fibrocartilage?
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What is the main cause of muscle hypertrophy during strength training after the initial few weeks?
What is the main cause of muscle hypertrophy during strength training after the initial few weeks?
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In the context of muscle fiber types, which of the following changes occurs with endurance training?
In the context of muscle fiber types, which of the following changes occurs with endurance training?
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Which of the following is associated with the first 1-2 weeks of strength training improvements?
Which of the following is associated with the first 1-2 weeks of strength training improvements?
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What is the primary reason for increased force production in muscles undergoing strength training?
What is the primary reason for increased force production in muscles undergoing strength training?
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Which adaptation is linked to increased force per unit of muscle cross-sectional area?
Which adaptation is linked to increased force per unit of muscle cross-sectional area?
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What effect does aging have on muscle characteristics?
What effect does aging have on muscle characteristics?
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Which type of joint is characterized by limited movement?
Which type of joint is characterized by limited movement?
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What occurs as a result of disuse in muscle plasticity?
What occurs as a result of disuse in muscle plasticity?
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Study Notes
Bone Types
- Long bones: found in limbs, important for movement
- Short bones: found in the wrist and ankle
- Flat bones: provide protection for organs
- Irregular bones: various shapes, not easily categorized
Divisions of the Skeleton
- Axial: the main structure of the thorax, important for protecting organs
- Appendicular: limbs, used for movement
Bone Marrow
- Components: blood vessels, nerves, other cells
- Function: general principal cells of blood, stimulates bone formation, can lead to heterotopic ossification.
- Location: found in most bones, except ossicles
Bone Marrow Changes with Age
- Less red marrow, more yellow marrow
Trabecular Bone
- Location: cuboidal, flat, ends of long bones
- Function: distributes load and force throughout bones
- Formation: formed through Endochondrial ossification
- Porosity: 75%-90%
Cortical Bone
- Location: shafts of long bones, around vertebral and spongy bone
- Anatomy:
- Osteons: circular formations
- Haversian canals: longitudinal
- Volkmann canals: horizontal channels
- Resorption cavities: temporary hollow spaces
- Porosity: 5-10%
- Types:
- Lamellar: slowly formed, highly organized
- Woven: poorly organized
- Primary bone: new bone in infants and adolescents; ring-like growth
- Secondary bone: remodelled bone, includes osteons
Bone Tissue Composition
- 43% Hydroxyapatite (HA)
- 32% Collagen/organic
- 25% Water
Bone Volume Fraction and Porosity
- Trabecular: porosity > 0.5
- Cortical: porosity < 0.5
Bone Apparent Density
- Formula: (soft tissue mass + hard tissue mass)/(hard bone matrix volume + soft tissue volume)
Bone Ash Fraction
- Mineralization of bone tissue (independent of porosity)
- Components:
- Dry mass (no water): organic matrix mass/mineral mass
- Ash mass (no collagen): mineral mass
- Formula: ma/md
- Range: near 0.65
Osteoclasts
- Similar to macrophages, cleave bone
- Anatomy: multinucleated
- Functioning: demineralize bone with acids, dissolving collagen
Osteoblasts
- Similar to fibroblasts, build bone
- Anatomy: mononuclear, formed from mesenchymal stem cells
- Functioning: lays down osteoid (organic portion) very slowly
Osteocytes
- Osteoblasts trapped in lacunae
- Most abundant cell in bone
- Functioning: mechanosensation, communication via canaliculi
Bone Lining Cells
- Osteoblasts that escaped lacunae & are on bone surface
- Become quiescent
Bone Modelling
- Osteocytes and osteoblasts work separately in different areas
- Function: changes in bone size and shape
- Over time: increases most in development; impacted by P.A.
Bone Remodelling
- Coupled actions of osteoblasts & osteoclasts in the same spot
- Function: removes old & replaces with new bone
- No change in size or shape
- Efficient way to extract calcium
- Decreases with age
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Description
Explore the different types of bones and their functions in the human body. This quiz covers long, short, flat, and irregular bones, as well as the divisions of the skeleton, bone marrow, and changes with age. Test your understanding of how bones contribute to movement and protection.
