Bone Types and Functions Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What happens to muscle tension when the muscle is stretched beyond its optimal length?

Tension becomes stable

Tension increases significantly

Tension remains unchanged

Tension decreases significantly (correct)

How do muscles contribute to joint stability?

By constantly contracting

By shortening excessively

By generating heat

By being at their optimal length (correct)

What occurs when the signal from the motor neuron stops?

Myosin heads detach from actin filaments (correct)

Calcium ions are released into the cytoplasm

Myosin heads attach to actin filaments

Muscle fibers continue to contract

What effect does higher intensity stimulation have on motor units?

It recruits more motor units Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between muscle contraction and movement initiation?

Muscles contract and shorten to generate force Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of strength training on the body?

Building muscle mass and protecting joints Signup and view all the answers

Which type of arthritis is characterized by the body's immune system attacking the joints?

Rheumatoid arthritis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arthritis types is most commonly associated with crystal formation in the joints?

Gout Signup and view all the answers

What primary symptom is commonly associated with ankylosing spondylitis?

Stiffness and pain in the spine Signup and view all the answers

What type of exercise is primarily focused on increasing joint range of motion?

Flexibility exercises Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of osteoblasts in bone tissue?

Build new bone Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the long bone typically houses the growth plates?

Epiphysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes spongy bone?

It is lightweight and houses bone marrow. Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT performed by the skeletal system?

Respiratory gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes bone tissue from hyaline cartilage?

Bone is less flexible than cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

During which type of growth do bones increase in thickness?

Appositional growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the periosteum in relation to bones?

To protect the perimeter of the bone Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the process of bone remodeling?

It adjusts bone architecture based on mechanical needs. Signup and view all the answers

What classification of joints does the skull sutures fall under?

Synarthrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint allows for movement in all directions?

Ball-and-Socket Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle energy source does not require oxygen?

Anaerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a symphysis type of cartilaginous joint?

Joint with fibrocartilage allowing slight movement Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fibrous joint is found in the tooth sockets?

Gomphosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints allows for rotation?

Pivot Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint allows limited movement and commonly connects cartilaginous structures to bone?

Amphiarthrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of joints is characterized by sliding movements between flat bone surfaces?

Gliding Signup and view all the answers

What is treppe in muscle physiology?

A gradual increase in contraction strength with each subsequent stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes incomplete tetany?

Rapid cycles of contraction with brief relaxation phases. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes the power stroke in muscle contraction?

The conformational change of the myosin head after crossbridge formation. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle fibers are characterized by their relative quickness and anaerobic energy use?

Glycolytic fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes striated muscle from smooth muscle?

Striated muscles have an organized arrangement of contractile proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ATP during the cross-bridge cycling in muscle contraction?

To detach the myosin head from the actin filament. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding muscle tone?

Muscle tone refers to the partial contraction of muscles that are at rest. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of fast oxidative fibers compared to slow oxidative fibers?

Fast oxidative fibers are quicker and use aerobic processes. Signup and view all the answers

What initiates calcium influx in smooth muscle contraction?

Hormones or neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calmodulin in smooth muscle contraction?

Binds calcium and activates myosin light chain kinase Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle type has the highest regenerative ability?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the sarcomere is responsible for marking the end of actin filaments?

Z-line Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes isotonic contraction from isometric contraction?

Change in length Signup and view all the answers

Which band in the sarcomere contains only thick myosin filaments?

H-zone Signup and view all the answers

How does skeletal muscle primarily repair damage?

Using resident satellite cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the myosin light chain kinase in smooth muscle contraction?

To phosphorylate myosin light chains Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bone Types

Long, flat, and irregular bones exist.

Compact and Spongy Bone

Compact bone is the outer layer, also called cortical bone.
Spongy bone is the inner layer, also called trabecular or cancellous bone.

Long Bone Parts

Diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal plates, endosteum, and periosteum are parts of a long bone.
Diaphysis is the central shaft, epiphysis are the ends.
Epiphyseal plates are responsible for bone growth.

Bone Tissue Nature and Skeletal Function

Bone tissue provides support, posture, movement, and protection.
Movement is enabled by muscle attachment points.
Protecting organs like the brain, heart, and spinal cord.
Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus).

Bone Composition

40% inorganic component (hydroxyapatite).
25% water.
35% organic component (proteins).

Bone vs Hyaline Cartilage

Similarities = both provide structure and are connective tissues.
Differences = Bone is vascular (breathes blood), and good for building.
Cartilage is not vascular and is good for cushioning.

Bone Growth

Interstitial growth (internal) and appositional growth (external).
Epiphyseal plates cause bones to grow, closing at adulthood.

Bone Cells and Their Functions

Osteoblasts build new bone.
Osteoclasts clean up old bone.
Osteocytes maintain bone structure.

Bone Remodeling

Adjusts bone architecture to respond to mechanical needs.
Repairs microdamage from normal activity.
Maintains calcium homeostasis in the blood.

Bone Formation

Intramembranous ossification (skull, clavicle, mandible).
Endochondral ossification (long bones, short bones).

Calcium Homeostasis

Organs involved = bones, kidneys, and intestines.
Hormones involved = Parathyroid hormone (PTH), Calcitonin, and Vitamin D3 (D3).
PTH (low calcium levels): Increases calcium reabsorption (kidneys stimulating).
Calcitonin (high calcium levels) Decreases calcium absorption (intestines decreasing).
Vitamin D3 (Vitamin D3) increases Calcium absorption (intestines).

Bone Movements

Dorsiflexion (toe up) and plantar flexion (toe down) involve ankle movement.
Flexion (decreasing angle) and extension (increasing angle) at joints.
Supination (palm up) and pronation (palm down) relate to forearm rotation.
Eversion (sole out) and inversion (sole in) are foot movements.
Rotation, adduction, abduction, circumduction, protraction, retraction, elevation, and depression are other types of movement.

Joint Classifications

Fibrous (sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses).
Cartilaginous (synchondroses, symphyses).
Synovial (ball-and-socket, condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, gliding joints).

Bony Joints

Synostosis (Synostosis).

Fibrous Joints

Gomphosis (teeth).
Suture (skull).
Syndesmosis (tibia-fibula).

Cartilaginous Joints

Synchondrosis.
Symphysis.

Synovial Joints

Ball-and-socket, condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, gliding.

Muscle Movements and Types

Skeletal: Voluntary, attached to bones.
Smooth: Involuntary, internal organs.
Cardiac: Involuntary, heart.
Muscle fibers are made of myofibrils, comprised of actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament) filaments for contraction mechanisms.
Muscle contraction requires ATP and calcium ions.
Fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers.
Muscle fatigue results from high-frequency stimulation and low oxygen.
Summation, treppe, incomplete tetanus, and tetanus (muscle contractions).

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Description

Test your knowledge on different types of bones, their structures, and functions within the skeletal system. This quiz covers long, flat, and irregular bones, as well as compact and spongy bone tissues. Challenge yourself with questions related to bone composition and cartilage differences.