Bone Types and Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What happens to muscle tension when the muscle is stretched beyond its optimal length?

  • Tension becomes stable
  • Tension increases significantly
  • Tension remains unchanged
  • Tension decreases significantly (correct)

How do muscles contribute to joint stability?

  • By constantly contracting
  • By shortening excessively
  • By generating heat
  • By being at their optimal length (correct)

What occurs when the signal from the motor neuron stops?

  • Myosin heads detach from actin filaments (correct)
  • Calcium ions are released into the cytoplasm
  • Myosin heads attach to actin filaments
  • Muscle fibers continue to contract

What effect does higher intensity stimulation have on motor units?

<p>It recruits more motor units (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between muscle contraction and movement initiation?

<p>Muscles contract and shorten to generate force (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of strength training on the body?

<p>Building muscle mass and protecting joints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of arthritis is characterized by the body's immune system attacking the joints?

<p>Rheumatoid arthritis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arthritis types is most commonly associated with crystal formation in the joints?

<p>Gout (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary symptom is commonly associated with ankylosing spondylitis?

<p>Stiffness and pain in the spine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of exercise is primarily focused on increasing joint range of motion?

<p>Flexibility exercises (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of osteoblasts in bone tissue?

<p>Build new bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the long bone typically houses the growth plates?

<p>Epiphysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes spongy bone?

<p>It is lightweight and houses bone marrow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT performed by the skeletal system?

<p>Respiratory gas exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes bone tissue from hyaline cartilage?

<p>Bone is less flexible than cartilage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which type of growth do bones increase in thickness?

<p>Appositional growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the periosteum in relation to bones?

<p>To protect the perimeter of the bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the process of bone remodeling?

<p>It adjusts bone architecture based on mechanical needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What classification of joints does the skull sutures fall under?

<p>Synarthrosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synovial joint allows for movement in all directions?

<p>Ball-and-Socket (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle energy source does not require oxygen?

<p>Anaerobic respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a symphysis type of cartilaginous joint?

<p>Joint with fibrocartilage allowing slight movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fibrous joint is found in the tooth sockets?

<p>Gomphosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints allows for rotation?

<p>Pivot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint allows limited movement and commonly connects cartilaginous structures to bone?

<p>Amphiarthrosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of joints is characterized by sliding movements between flat bone surfaces?

<p>Gliding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is treppe in muscle physiology?

<p>A gradual increase in contraction strength with each subsequent stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes incomplete tetany?

<p>Rapid cycles of contraction with brief relaxation phases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes the power stroke in muscle contraction?

<p>The conformational change of the myosin head after crossbridge formation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle fibers are characterized by their relative quickness and anaerobic energy use?

<p>Glycolytic fibers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes striated muscle from smooth muscle?

<p>Striated muscles have an organized arrangement of contractile proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ATP during the cross-bridge cycling in muscle contraction?

<p>To detach the myosin head from the actin filament. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding muscle tone?

<p>Muscle tone refers to the partial contraction of muscles that are at rest. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of fast oxidative fibers compared to slow oxidative fibers?

<p>Fast oxidative fibers are quicker and use aerobic processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates calcium influx in smooth muscle contraction?

<p>Hormones or neurotransmitters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calmodulin in smooth muscle contraction?

<p>Binds calcium and activates myosin light chain kinase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle type has the highest regenerative ability?

<p>Smooth muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the sarcomere is responsible for marking the end of actin filaments?

<p>Z-line (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes isotonic contraction from isometric contraction?

<p>Change in length (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which band in the sarcomere contains only thick myosin filaments?

<p>H-zone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does skeletal muscle primarily repair damage?

<p>Using resident satellite cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the myosin light chain kinase in smooth muscle contraction?

<p>To phosphorylate myosin light chains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Strength Training

A type of exercise that focuses on building muscle mass by putting resistance on the muscles, like lifting weights or doing bodyweight exercises.

Osteoarthritis

The most common type of arthritis where cartilage in joints wears down, causing pain and stiffness. It often occurs with age and overuse.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

An autoimmune disease where the body attacks its own joints, causing inflammation and pain. Often affects hands and feet, but can impact internal organs as well.

Gout

A type of arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals in joints, causing sudden, intense pain. Usually affects the big toe.

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Ankylosing Spondylitis

A type of arthritis that affects the spine and where it connects to the pelvis, causing pain, stiffness, swelling, and inflammation.

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Joint Movement Classification

Categorizes the range of motion possible at a joint, such as fixed, limited, or free movement.

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Synarthrosis

A joint with no movement, where bones are connected tightly.

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Amphiarthrosis

A joint with limited movement, bones connected by cartilage.

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Diarthrosis

A joint with free movement, bones connected by a fluid-filled capsule.

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Hinge Joint

A synovial joint that allows movement in one plane, like a door hinge.

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Ball-and-Socket Joint

A synovial joint that allows movement in all directions.

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Fibrous Joints

Joints connected by dense connective tissue, with little or no movement.

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Cartilaginous Joints

Joints connected by cartilage, allowing for some movement.

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Treppe

Gradual increase in contraction strength with each subsequent stimulus in a muscle, while it still has time to relax slightly between contractions.

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Summation

Additive effect of muscle contractions when stimuli are delivered close together, leading to a stronger contraction than a single twitch.

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Incomplete Tetany

Muscle undergoes rapid cycles of contraction with brief relaxation phases between them, due to high stimulation frequency.

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Tetany

Complete lack of relaxation between muscle contractions, creating a sustained, maximal contraction due to very high stimulation frequency.

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Muscle Tone

Partial contraction of muscles that are at rest, allowing for maintenance of posture and readiness for movement.

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Crossbridge Formation

Myosin heads bind to actin filaments, forming a crossbridge. This is initiated by calcium ions that expose binding sites on the actin filament.

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Power Stroke

The myosin head pivots and pulls the actin filament towards the center of the sarcomere, causing muscle contraction.

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ATP Role in Muscle Contraction

ATP binds to the myosin head, causing it to detach from actin, allowing the cycle to repeat, and provides energy for muscle contraction.

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Smooth muscle

Found in the walls of internal organs and contracts involuntarily to perform functions like digestion and blood pressure regulation.

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Smooth muscle contraction mechanism

A change in membrane potential triggers calcium entry into the cell, which binds to calmodulin. This complex activates myosin light chain kinase leading to myosin-actin interaction and contraction.

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Smooth muscle regenerative ability

Smooth muscle has high regenerative ability, damaged cells can be replaced by dividing directly from pericytes.

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Skeletal muscle regenerative ability

Skeletal muscle has moderate regenerative ability, damage is repaired through "satellite cells" which are resident stem cells within the muscle fibers.

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Cardiac muscle regenerative ability

Cardiac muscle has very low regenerative ability, damaged cells cannot be replaced effectively in mammals.

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Z-line

The dark line that separates each sarcomere, and marks the end of the actin filaments.

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I-band

The light band that contains only thin actin filaments and surrounds the Z-line.

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A-band

The dark band that contains the entire thick myosin filament, and overlaps with the thin actin filaments.

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Length-Tension Relationship

Describes how much force a muscle can generate based on its length. Maximum force is produced when the muscle is at its optimal resting length.

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Joint Stability and Muscle Length

Muscles surrounding a joint provide stability when they are at their optimal length. This helps prevent excessive movement and keep the joint in the right position.

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Muscle Contraction for Movement

Muscles contract and shorten to generate force, allowing movement of a joint. The length-tension relationship ensures they produce enough force while maintaining stability.

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Ending Muscle Contraction

When the signal from the nerve stops, calcium ions are pumped back into the SR, detaching myosin heads from actin filaments and causing the muscle to relax.

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Muscle Force and Stimulus Intensity

Higher intensity stimulation activates more muscle fibers, resulting in greater force production. However, too much intensity can cause discomfort and pain.

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Types of Bones

Bones are classified based on their shape. Long bones are longer than they are wide, like the femur. Flat bones are thin and often curved, like the skull bones. Irregular bones have complex shapes, like the vertebrae.

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Compact vs. Spongy Bone

Compact bone is dense and strong, forming the outer layer of most bones. Spongy bone, also called cancellous bone, is lighter and contains marrow, found inside bones.

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Parts of a Long Bone

Long bones have a central shaft called the diaphysis, and ends called epiphyses. The growth plates, which are made of cartilage, are located in the epiphyses. The periosteum is a tough membrane covering the bone, while the endosteum lines the inner cavities.

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Functions of the Skeletal System

The skeletal system provides support, allowing us to stand and move. It protects vital organs like the brain and heart. It also stores minerals and produces blood cells.

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Composition of Bone

Bone is a composite material. It's primarily made up of 40% inorganic hydroxyapatite (minerals), 25% water, and 35% organic components like proteins.

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Bone vs. Hyaline Cartilage

Both bone and cartilage are connective tissues providing structure. Bone is highly vascular, meaning it has a lot of blood vessels, while cartilage is avascular. Cartilage is flexible and good for cushioning, while bone is rigid and good for building.

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Interstitial vs. Appositional Growth

Interstitial growth occurs from within, increasing the length of bones. Appositional growth occurs on the surface, increasing the thickness of bones.

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Bone Cells and Their Functions

Osteoblasts build new bone, osteoclasts break down old bone, and osteocytes maintain bone tissue. Each cell plays a critical role in bone remodeling and repair.

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Study Notes

Bone Types

  • Long, flat, and irregular bones exist.

Compact and Spongy Bone

  • Compact bone is the outer layer, also called cortical bone.
  • Spongy bone is the inner layer, also called trabecular or cancellous bone.

Long Bone Parts

  • Diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal plates, endosteum, and periosteum are parts of a long bone.
  • Diaphysis is the central shaft, epiphysis are the ends.
  • Epiphyseal plates are responsible for bone growth.

Bone Tissue Nature and Skeletal Function

  • Bone tissue provides support, posture, movement, and protection.
  • Movement is enabled by muscle attachment points.
  • Protecting organs like the brain, heart, and spinal cord.
  • Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus).

Bone Composition

  • 40% inorganic component (hydroxyapatite).
  • 25% water.
  • 35% organic component (proteins).

Bone vs Hyaline Cartilage

  • Similarities = both provide structure and are connective tissues.
  • Differences = Bone is vascular (breathes blood), and good for building.
  • Cartilage is not vascular and is good for cushioning.

Bone Growth

  • Interstitial growth (internal) and appositional growth (external).
  • Epiphyseal plates cause bones to grow, closing at adulthood.

Bone Cells and Their Functions

  • Osteoblasts build new bone.
  • Osteoclasts clean up old bone.
  • Osteocytes maintain bone structure.

Bone Remodeling

  • Adjusts bone architecture to respond to mechanical needs.
  • Repairs microdamage from normal activity.
  • Maintains calcium homeostasis in the blood.

Bone Formation

  • Intramembranous ossification (skull, clavicle, mandible).
  • Endochondral ossification (long bones, short bones).

Calcium Homeostasis

  • Organs involved = bones, kidneys, and intestines.
  • Hormones involved = Parathyroid hormone (PTH), Calcitonin, and Vitamin D3 (D3).
  • PTH (low calcium levels): Increases calcium reabsorption (kidneys stimulating).
  • Calcitonin (high calcium levels) Decreases calcium absorption (intestines decreasing).
  • Vitamin D3 (Vitamin D3) increases Calcium absorption (intestines).

Bone Movements

  • Dorsiflexion (toe up) and plantar flexion (toe down) involve ankle movement.
  • Flexion (decreasing angle) and extension (increasing angle) at joints.
  • Supination (palm up) and pronation (palm down) relate to forearm rotation.
  • Eversion (sole out) and inversion (sole in) are foot movements.
  • Rotation, adduction, abduction, circumduction, protraction, retraction, elevation, and depression are other types of movement.

Joint Classifications

  • Fibrous (sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses).
  • Cartilaginous (synchondroses, symphyses).
  • Synovial (ball-and-socket, condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, gliding joints).

Bony Joints

  • Synostosis (Synostosis).

Fibrous Joints

  • Gomphosis (teeth).
  • Suture (skull).
  • Syndesmosis (tibia-fibula).

Cartilaginous Joints

  • Synchondrosis.
  • Symphysis.

Synovial Joints

  • Ball-and-socket, condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, gliding.

Muscle Movements and Types

  • Skeletal: Voluntary, attached to bones.
  • Smooth: Involuntary, internal organs.
  • Cardiac: Involuntary, heart.
  • Muscle fibers are made of myofibrils, comprised of actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament) filaments for contraction mechanisms.
  • Muscle contraction requires ATP and calcium ions.
  • Fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers.
  • Muscle fatigue results from high-frequency stimulation and low oxygen.
  • Summation, treppe, incomplete tetanus, and tetanus (muscle contractions).

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Description

Test your knowledge on different types of bones, their structures, and functions within the skeletal system. This quiz covers long, flat, and irregular bones, as well as compact and spongy bone tissues. Challenge yourself with questions related to bone composition and cartilage differences.

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