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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of osteoid osteoma?
Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of osteoid osteoma?
Osteomas commonly involve the diaphysis of long bones.
Osteomas commonly involve the diaphysis of long bones.
False (B)
What is the typical location of an enchondroma?
What is the typical location of an enchondroma?
medullary cavity of bone
An osteochondroma originates from the ______ growth plate.
An osteochondroma originates from the ______ growth plate.
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Match each bone tumor with its primary location:
Match each bone tumor with its primary location:
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Which condition is characterized by multiple enchondromas and may present with pain?
Which condition is characterized by multiple enchondromas and may present with pain?
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Osteoblastomas are typically smaller than 2 cm in size.
Osteoblastomas are typically smaller than 2 cm in size.
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Which of the following benign bone tumors has the highest potential for malignant transformation?
Which of the following benign bone tumors has the highest potential for malignant transformation?
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Maffucci syndrome is characterized by multiple what?
Maffucci syndrome is characterized by multiple what?
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Osteosarcomas are more prevalent in females than males.
Osteosarcomas are more prevalent in females than males.
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What is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone?
What is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone?
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Osteosarcomas are characterized by the formation of bone matrix or ______ by malignant tumor cells.
Osteosarcomas are characterized by the formation of bone matrix or ______ by malignant tumor cells.
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Match the following genetic abnormalities with their associated risks in osteosarcoma:
Match the following genetic abnormalities with their associated risks in osteosarcoma:
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Which of the bone disorders is associated with secondary osteosarcoma?
Which of the bone disorders is associated with secondary osteosarcoma?
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Primary osteosarcomas develop in association with pre-existing bone disorders.
Primary osteosarcomas develop in association with pre-existing bone disorders.
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Where do osteosarcomas typically arise in long bones?
Where do osteosarcomas typically arise in long bones?
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A patient presents with a bulky mass, pain, and X-rays showing an expanding lytic lesion with a thin rim of bone around the knee area. Gross examination reveals a red-brown mass with cystic degeneration involving the epiphyses. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A patient presents with a bulky mass, pain, and X-rays showing an expanding lytic lesion with a thin rim of bone around the knee area. Gross examination reveals a red-brown mass with cystic degeneration involving the epiphyses. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
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Ewing sarcoma is more common in females than males.
Ewing sarcoma is more common in females than males.
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What is the characteristic translocation associated with Ewing sarcoma, and what fusion protein does it produce?
What is the characteristic translocation associated with Ewing sarcoma, and what fusion protein does it produce?
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Ewing sarcoma often affects the ______ of long bones, while giant cell tumors in adults involve both the epiphyses and the metaphyses.
Ewing sarcoma often affects the ______ of long bones, while giant cell tumors in adults involve both the epiphyses and the metaphyses.
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Match the histological features with the corresponding bone tumor:
Match the histological features with the corresponding bone tumor:
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What is the typical treatment approach for aneurysmal bone cysts?
What is the typical treatment approach for aneurysmal bone cysts?
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Aneurysmal bone cysts predominantly affect individuals in their sixth and seventh decades of life.
Aneurysmal bone cysts predominantly affect individuals in their sixth and seventh decades of life.
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What are the primary routes through which metastatic tumors spread to bone?
What are the primary routes through which metastatic tumors spread to bone?
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In adults, more than 75% of bone metastases originate from cancers of the prostate, breast, __________, and __________.
In adults, more than 75% of bone metastases originate from cancers of the prostate, breast, __________, and __________.
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Match the following childhood cancers with their likelihood to metastasize to bone:
Match the following childhood cancers with their likelihood to metastasize to bone:
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Which chromosomal abnormality is most frequently observed in cases of benign schwannoma?
Which chromosomal abnormality is most frequently observed in cases of benign schwannoma?
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Which histological subtype is NOT a recognized variant of rhabdomyosarcoma?
Which histological subtype is NOT a recognized variant of rhabdomyosarcoma?
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Rhabdomyomas are a common type of malignant soft-tissue tumor found in adults.
Rhabdomyomas are a common type of malignant soft-tissue tumor found in adults.
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Leiomyomas are more common in men than in women.
Leiomyomas are more common in men than in women.
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What is the most common type of soft tissue tumor in adulthood?
What is the most common type of soft tissue tumor in adulthood?
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Uterine leiomyoma is associated with the translocation ____.
Uterine leiomyoma is associated with the translocation ____.
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What cellular feature is characteristic of rhabdomyoblasts, regardless of the type of rhabdomyosarcoma?
What cellular feature is characteristic of rhabdomyoblasts, regardless of the type of rhabdomyosarcoma?
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Malignant spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei arranged in interweaving fascicles are characteristic of ________.
Malignant spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei arranged in interweaving fascicles are characteristic of ________.
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Which of the following factors is NOT typically associated with the development of soft tissue tumors?
Which of the following factors is NOT typically associated with the development of soft tissue tumors?
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Match the following tumor types with their primary tissue of origin:
Match the following tumor types with their primary tissue of origin:
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Match each tumor type with its primary tissue of origin:
Match each tumor type with its primary tissue of origin:
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What is the typical size range for leiomyomas?
What is the typical size range for leiomyomas?
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Which subtype of lipoma is known for being painful?
Which subtype of lipoma is known for being painful?
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Rhabdomyosarcomas are most commonly found in the extremities, specifically in relation to skeletal muscle.
Rhabdomyosarcomas are most commonly found in the extremities, specifically in relation to skeletal muscle.
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Leiomyosarcomas are more prevalent in men than in women.
Leiomyosarcomas are more prevalent in men than in women.
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In what ratio do Hemangiomas have a predilection for females?
In what ratio do Hemangiomas have a predilection for females?
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Flashcards
Giant Cell Tumor
Giant Cell Tumor
A benign tumor often in the knee area, featuring giant cells and causing pain and swelling.
Soap Bubble Appearance
Soap Bubble Appearance
A radiological sign seen in giant cell tumors, indicating lytic lesions with surrounding bone changes.
Ewing Sarcoma
Ewing Sarcoma
A malignant tumor in young individuals, often affecting long bones and causing painful swelling.
Onion Skinning
Onion Skinning
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Homer-Wright Pseudorosettes
Homer-Wright Pseudorosettes
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Mafucci Syndrome
Mafucci Syndrome
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Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
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Bimodal age distribution
Bimodal age distribution
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Primary Osteosarcoma
Primary Osteosarcoma
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Secondary Osteosarcoma
Secondary Osteosarcoma
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Paget disease
Paget disease
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Genetic mutations associated with Osteosarcoma
Genetic mutations associated with Osteosarcoma
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Metaphysis
Metaphysis
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Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
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Common Locations for ABC
Common Locations for ABC
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Symptoms of ABC
Symptoms of ABC
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Metastatic Bone Tumors
Metastatic Bone Tumors
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Soft Tissue Tumors
Soft Tissue Tumors
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Osteoma
Osteoma
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Osteoid Osteoma
Osteoid Osteoma
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Osteoblastoma
Osteoblastoma
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Osteochondroma
Osteochondroma
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Osteochondromatosis
Osteochondromatosis
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Enchondroma
Enchondroma
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Ollier Disease
Ollier Disease
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Chondrosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
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Rhabdomyosarcoma Variants
Rhabdomyosarcoma Variants
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Rhabdomyoblast
Rhabdomyoblast
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Tadpole Cells
Tadpole Cells
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Leiomyoma
Leiomyoma
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Symptoms of Leiomyomas
Symptoms of Leiomyomas
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Leiomyosarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma
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Hemangioma
Hemangioma
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Lymphangioma
Lymphangioma
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Benign Schwannoma
Benign Schwannoma
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Lipoblastoma
Lipoblastoma
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Liposarcoma
Liposarcoma
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Rhabdomyosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
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Neuroma
Neuroma
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Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
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Fibrosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma
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Study Notes
Bone, Cartilage, Soft Tissue, Vascular Tumors
- Benign and malignant lesions are discussed
- Classification of bone and cartilage tumors is presented, differentiating between benign and malignant types.
- Osteoma is a benign tumor affecting skull and facial bones, growing extremely slowly. It can extend into the orbit or sinuses (Gardner's syndrome) and is most common in the 40-50 year age group.
- Osteoid osteoma is a benign, painful growth usually in the diaphysis of long bones (often tibia or femur) with peak incidence in 5-25 year olds, mostly males. Its symptoms include worse pain at night, relieved by aspirin. On x-rays, a central radiolucency is seen surrounded by a sclerotic rim.
- Osteoblastoma is similar to osteoid osteoma but larger ( > 2cm) and frequently involves vertebrae.
- Osteochondroma (exostosis) is a benign bone growth originating from the epiphyseal growth plate. It commonly affects adolescent males as a firm, solitary growth at the ends of long bones. It can be asymptomatic but may cause pain and deformity. It is rarely malignant.
- Osteochondromatosis (Multiple hereditary exostosis) is characterized by multiple, often symmetrical, osteochondromas.
- Enchondroma is a benign cartilaginous growth within the medullary cavity of bone, most commonly found in the hands and feet. It is usually a solitary, asymptomatic lesion.
- Ollier disease is a non-hereditary syndrome characterized by multiple enchondromas, with symptoms including pain, and potential for malignant transformation to chondrosarcoma.
- Maffucci syndrome is a syndrome with multiple enchondromas and soft tissue hemangiomas. This carries an increased risk of malignant transformation (ovarian cancer and brain gliomas).
- Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma) is a highly malignant bone tumor characterized by the formation of bone matrix. Males are more commonly affected than females (2:1 ratio) and the most common age group is (10-25 years old). Osteosarcoma also has a high incidence in elderly after 40 years. Patients with familial retinoblastoma have a higher risk for developing osteosarcoma. Symptoms include localized pain and swelling.
- Pathogenesis of primary osteosarcomas involves acquired genetic abnormalities like ploidy changes and chromosomal aberrations. Key mutations to look for are RB (retinoblastoma gene), INK4a (p16 and p14 genes), and p53.
- Secondary osteosarcomas develop in association with pre-existing bone disorders, including Paget's disease, radiation exposure, chemotherapy (especially alkylating agents), and pre-existing benign bone lesions (fibrous dysplasia and osteomyelitis).
- Morphology of osteosarcoma typically shows an intramedullary tumor originating from the metaphysis, often close to the knee joint (50%). Tumours can be multicentric, synchronous (at once) or metachronous (at different times). Histologically, they can show different degrees of differentiation and diverse histological features (osteoblastic, chondroblastic, fibroblastic, telangiectatic, small cell, and giant cell).
- Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of cartilage. Males are more commonly affected in the age group of 30-60 years. It can arise from pre-existing enchondromas, exostoses, or Paget's disease. Symptoms include a progressively enlarging mass with pain and swelling, typically affecting the pelvic bones, spine, and shoulder girdle. Microscopically, it's composed of atypical chondrocytes and chondroblasts, often displaying multiple nuclei in a lacunar structure. The most common histological type is conventional (hyaline and/or myxoid).
- Giant cell tumor (osteoclastoma) is an uncommon malignant tumor. Females are more commonly affected than males (with ages usually between 20-50 years). It typically involves the epiphyses of long bones, often around the knee (distal femur and proximal tibia). Microscopically, the tumor is characterized by multinucleated giant cells interspersed with stromal cells. Symptoms usually involve a pain in a bulky mass.
- Ewing's sarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of undifferentiated cells within the marrow cavity, most common in teenagers (5-20 years old). It commonly affects long bones (femur, tibia, humerus, fibula) and also pelvic bones, ribs, and vertebrae. It typically presents with pain, swelling, and tenderness. A classic X-ray finding is concentric onion skin layering of new periosteal bone.
- Aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign tumor characterized by multiloculated blood-filled cystic spaces, typically arising during the first two decades of life. It commonly affects the metaphyses of long bones and posterior elements of vertebral bodies, and presents with pain and swelling.
Metastatic Tumors to Bone
- Metastases to bone, especially in adults, frequently originate from cancers of the prostate, breast, kidney, and lung. In children, metastases to bone commonly arise from neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, and rhabdomyosarcoma.
Soft Tissue Tumors
- Soft tissue tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, often characterized by histogenetic features. Data suggests sarcomas arise from primitive, multipotential mesenchymal cells. Factors involved in etiology include cytogenetic abnormalities (e.g. Benign schwannoma, Monosomy 22; Lipoblastoma; Rearrangement of 8q; certain subtypes of uterine leiomyoma; etc), environmental carcinogens, infection, trauma, and chronic lymphoedema.
Tumors of Adipose Tissue
- Lipomas (benign) are the most common adult soft tissue tumor. They are subclassified based on morphology (conventional, fibrolipoma, angiolipoma, spindle cell lipoma, myelolipoma, pleomorphic).
Tumors of Skeletal Muscle
- Rhabdomyosarcomas are malignant and the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children and adolescents.
- Its morphology is variably classified into embryonal, alveolar, and pleomorphic variants. Key cells in the diagnosis of these types are rhabdomyoblasts with distinctive morphology.
Tumors of Smooth Muscle
- Leiomyomas are benign tumors of smooth muscle, often found in the uterus.
- Leiomyosarcomas are malignant smooth muscle tumors, arising frequently in soft tissues of the extremities and the retroperitoneum.
Vascular Tumors
- Hemangiomas are the most common benign soft tissue tumor in children.
- Lymphangiomas are malformations of the lymphatic system. Two types include capillary and cavernous, which can invade surrounding tissues.
- Glomus tumors are rare benign tumors arising from glomus bodies.
- Vascular malformations arise at birth; these vascular anomalies do not regress like hemangiomas; they grow at a rate commensurate with the rest of the patient's body. They may be capillary, venous, arterial, or combinations.
- Bacillary angiomatosis is a form of angiomatosis associated with bacteria of the Bartonella genus.
- Kaposi sarcoma is a tumor caused by human herpesvirus 8. Microscopically it often displays small branching blood vessels, spindle cells, and intracellular hyaline globs extravasated RBCS.
- Angiosarcoma is a malignant tumor of endothelial cells lining vessel walls.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various bone tumors, including osteoid osteoma, enchondroma, and osteosarcoma. This quiz covers symptoms, locations, and associated syndromes linked to benign and malignant bone tumors. Perfect for students in medical or healthcare fields seeking to deepen their understanding of bone pathology.
