Anatomy and Physiology I Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?

Intramembranous ossification forms the flat bones of the skull, face, jaw, and center of clavicle, while endochondral ossification forms most bones in the body, mostly long bones, replacing cartilage with bone.

What are the four types of bone fractures?

Comminuted fracture (correct)

Closed fracture (correct)

Greenstick fracture (correct)

Open fracture (correct)

What are the functions of the muscular system?

Skeletal muscles create movement and protect organs, cardiac muscles pump blood, and smooth muscles aid digestion and ensure blood flow.

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, triglyceride storage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the disorder known as Rickets/Osteomalacia?

Inadequate calcification of extracellular matrix caused by vitamin D deficiency, resulting in rubbery bones in children and increased pain/fractures in adults. Signup and view all the answers

What is the disorder known as Scoliosis?

Lateral bending of the spine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the disorder known as lordosis?

Increase in severity of the lumbar curve, commonly referred to as 'hollow back.' Signup and view all the answers

What is the disorder known as kyphosis?

Increase in severity of the thoracic curve, commonly known as 'hunch back.' Signup and view all the answers

What is a muscle spasm?

Sudden contraction of one muscle in a group of muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What is a tremor?

Rhythmic involuntary contraction of muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What is a fibrillation?

Spontaneous contraction of a single muscle fiber that is not visible but can be detected by electromyography. Signup and view all the answers

What is a cramp?

A painful contraction caused by lack of blood flow, overuse, dehydration, etc. Signup and view all the answers

What are the different shapes of bone?

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the male and female pelvis?

Male pelvis is heavy and thick, deep, narrow, and heart-shaped; female pelvis is light and thin, shallow, wide, and oval-shaped. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three functional classifications of joints?

Synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), and diarthrosis (freely movable). Signup and view all the answers

What are the specific joints of the human body?

Temporomandibular joint, glenohumeral joint, elbow joint, hip joint, tibiofemoral joint. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three ways to make ATP?

Substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and chemiosmosis. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ossification Processes

Intramembranous Ossification: Forms flat bones (skull, face, jaw, clavicle) through sheet-like layers resembling membranes.
Endochondral Ossification: Responsible for forming most bones, particularly long bones, by replacing cartilage with bone tissue.

Types of Bone Fractures

Closed Fracture: Bone is fractured, but the skin remains intact.
Open Fracture: Both bone and skin are damaged.
Comminuted Fracture: Bone is splintered into multiple pieces.
Greenstick Fracture: Partial fracture, common in children due to incomplete ossification.

Functions of the Muscular System

Skeletal Muscles: Facilitate movement and protect internal organs.
Cardiac Muscles: Pump blood throughout the body.
Smooth Muscles: Aid in digestion and maintain blood flow.

Functions of the Skeletal System

Support: Acts as a framework for the body.
Protection: Safeguards internal organs from injury.
Movement Assistance: Provides attachment points for skeletal muscles.
Mineral Homeostasis: Stores and releases minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
Blood Cell Production: Generates red/white blood cells and platelets.
Triglyceride Storage: Yellow bone marrow stores adipocytes.

Rickets/Osteomalacia: Caused by vitamin D deficiency, leading to inadequate calcification, resulting in rubbery bones in children and pain/fractures in adults.
Scoliosis: Lateral bending of the spine, most common spinal deformity.
Lordosis: Enhanced lumbar curve, often referred to as "hollow back."
Kyphosis: Increased thoracic curve, commonly called "hunch back."
Spasm: Sudden contraction of one muscle within a group.
Tremor: Rhythmic involuntary contraction of muscles.
Fibrillation: Spontaneous contraction of a single muscle fiber, detectable by electromyography, indicating potential motor neuron damage.
Cramp: Painful muscle contraction due to inadequate blood flow, overuse, or dehydration.

Bone Shapes

Long Bones: Longer than they are wide; examples include arms and legs.
Short Bones: Cube-shaped; equal lengths and widths, found in the wrists and ankles.
Flat Bones: Thin and flat; includes the skull, breastbone, and ribs.
Irregular Bones: Complex shapes; includes hip bones and vertebrae.
Sesamoid Bones: Small, seed-shaped bones; primarily the knee caps.

Divisions of the Skeletal System

Axial Skeleton: Comprises the skull, hyoid bone, ear bones, vertebral column, and thorax.
Appendicular Skeleton: Includes the shoulder, arms, hips, and legs.

Differences in Pelvic Structure

Male Pelvis: Heavier, thicker, deeper, narrow, and heart-shaped.
Female Pelvis: Lighter, thinner, shallow, wider, and oval-shaped.

Structural Classifications of Joints

Fibrous Joints: Connective tissue (dense irregular) holds bones together.
Cartilaginous Joints: Bones united by cartilage.
Synovial Joints: Bones held by dense irregular connective tissue and ligaments, allowing for a range of motion.

Functional Classifications of Joints

Synarthrosis: Immovable joints.
Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joints.
Diarthrosis: Freely movable joints found in synovial joints.

Specific Joints of the Human Body

Temporomandibular Joint: Hinge joint connecting mandible and temporal bone.
Glenohumeral Joint: Ball-and-socket joint between humerus and scapula.
Elbow Joint: Hinge joint formed from the humerus, ulna, and radius.
Hip Joint: Ball-and-socket joint composed of femur and acetabulum.
Tibiafemoral Joint: Hinge joint formed by femur, tibia, and patella.

ATP Production Methods

Substrate Level Phosphorylation: Direct transfer of a high-energy phosphate from a food source to ADP, forming ATP.
Oxidative Phosphorylation: Involves oxidation of a food source, extracting energy through an electron transport chain to synthesize ATP.

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This quiz focuses on key concepts in Anatomy and Physiology I, including the differences between intramembranous and endochondral ossification, as well as the types of bone fractures. Test your knowledge with these essential flashcards that cover fundamental aspects of skeletal anatomy and bone formation.