Bone Structure and Functions

The expanded ends of bones, forming joints with adjacent bones.

Hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses, reducing friction at joints.

The shaft of a long bone.

A tough layer of vascular connective tissue covering a bone, connecting to ligaments and tendons

The dense bone tissue forming the diaphysis wall, strong & dense.

The lighter bone tissue found in epiphyses, for reducing weight.

The hollow space in the diaphysis, filled with marrow.

Flat bones formed by connective tissue (not cartilage).

Cells that deposit bony tissue around themselves, eventually becoming osteocytes when fully enclosed.

Mature bone cells formed when osteoblasts are enclosed in bone tissue.

Most bones in the body that develop from hyaline cartilage models and are gradually replaced with bone.

The area in the diaphysis of a long bone where spongy bone is first formed, during endochondral bone development.

Band of hyaline cartilage that separates the diaphysis and epiphysis in long bones, responsible for bone lengthening.

The continuous process of bone resorption (tearing down) and deposition (building up) throughout life.

Provide structural support for the body, and shape for different parts.

Bones protect internal organs from injury like the skull protecting the brain.

Found in spongy bone, it produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Stored in the cavities of most bones and functions as a fat reserve.

The main inorganic salt stored in bones, essential for many metabolic processes.

Hormone that regulates calcium storage in bones, increasing its deposition when blood levels are high.

Includes the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Consists of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.

A joint where an ovoid condyle fits into an elliptical cavity, allowing for various movements, such as the joint between a metacarpal and phalange.

A joint with nearly flat or slightly curved surfaces, permitting back-and-forth motion, like the joints between wrists and ankles, or vertebrae.

A joint where a convex surface fits into a concave surface, allowing movement in one plane, similar to the elbow and phalange joints.

A joint with a cylindrical surface rotating within a ring of bone and tissue, found in the joint between the radius and ulna.

A joint characterized by articulating surfaces with both concave and convex areas, enabling a wide range of movements, like the thumb joint.

The sphenoid bone contains the sella turcica, a saddle-shaped depression that houses the pituitary gland, and sphenoidal sinuses, air-filled cavities that contribute to facial structure and lighten the skull.

The ethmoid bone, a light and complex bone, contains cribriform plates, which allow passage of olfactory nerves, a perpendicular plate that forms part of the nasal septum, superior and middle nasal conchae that increase nasal surface area, ethmoidal sinuses, and the crista galli, a bony projection that anchors the dura mater.

The maxillae, paired bones forming the upper jaw, contribute to essential facial structures, including the hard palate, nasal cavity floor, and orbital walls. They also house the upper teeth and contain large maxillary sinuses.

Shaped like the letter 'L', palatine bones are located behind the maxillae. They form the nasal cavity floor and hard palate, contributing significantly to the structure of the oral and nasal cavities.

Zygomatic bones, commonly known as cheekbones, are paired bones that form the prominent bony structures of the cheek. They connect with the temporal bones to form the zygomatic arches.

Lacrimal bones are small and fragile bones that make up the medial walls of the orbits. They contain the lacrimal grooves, a structure involved in tear drainage.

Forming the bony bridge of the nose, the nasal bones are small, paired bones that contribute to the skeletal framework of the nose.

The vomer bone is a single, thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum, the bony partition dividing the nasal cavity.

The seven smallest vertebrae in the vertebral column, located in the neck, supporting the head. They have unique features like bifid spinous processes and transverse foramina.

The first two vertebrae in the cervical region. The atlas has a ring-like structure and supports the skull, while the axis has a tooth-like projection (the dens) that allows for head rotation.

The 12 vertebrae in the middle of the spine, larger than cervical vertebrae, and articulate with the ribs.

The five largest and strongest vertebrae in the spine, located in the lower back and supporting much of the body's weight.

A triangular bone at the base of the spine created by the fusion of five vertebrae. It connects the spine to the pelvic girdle.

A bony structure in the chest that protects vital organs, assists in breathing, and supports the shoulder girdle. It consists of ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilages.

The first seven pairs of ribs, directly attached to the sternum via their costal cartilages.

The last five pairs of ribs, not directly attached to the sternum. The first three pairs attach indirectly via their costal cartilages, while the last two are floating ribs.