Bone Structure and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not an abnormal curvature of the spine?

  • Lordosis
  • Kyphosis
  • Scoliosis
  • Multiple sclerosis (correct)

Which pair correctly defines the primary curves of the vertebral column?

  • Lumbar and sacral
  • Thoracic and sacral (correct)
  • Cervical and lumbar
  • Thoracic and cervical

What is the role of osteoblasts in bone remodeling?

  • They resorb bone tissue
  • They inhibit mineralization
  • They form new bone tissue (correct)
  • They replace bone tissue

What is the effect of regular exercise on bones?

<p>Results in thickening and strengthening bones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a compound fracture?

<p>A broken bone exposed to the outside (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones contributes to the hard palate?

<p>Maxillary and palatine bones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age are nearly all bones completely ossified?

<p>25 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint allows for the rotational movement?

<p>Ball-and-socket joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movement at the ankle joint brings the foot closer to the shin?

<p>Dorsiflexion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does pituitary dwarfism affect bone growth?

<p>Decreases secretion of growth hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which shape of bone is incorrectly paired with its example?

<p>Flat bone - thigh bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is articular cartilage found on a long bone?

<p>On the outer surface of the epiphyses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fracture occurs when a bone shatters into fragments?

<p>Comminuted fracture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not classified as a synovial joint?

<p>Symphysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the secondary curves of the vertebral column?

<p>Cervical and lumbar curvatures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What classification is used for joints based on movement?

<p>Synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of red bone marrow?

<p>Formation of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition caused by vitamin D deficiency in children?

<p>Rickets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which three bones fuse to create the hip bone?

<p>Ilium, ischium, pubis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is not classified as a synovial joint?

<p>Symphysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are bursae responsible for in the body?

<p>Cushioning joints and reducing friction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone growth increases the thickness of a bone?

<p>Deposit of compact bone beneath the periosteum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the vertebral column, which statement is true about lordosis?

<p>It is an excess curvature of the lumbar region. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a sprain?

<p>Overstretched or torn ligaments in a joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints allows for flexion and extension movements?

<p>Hinge joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the acetabulum in the human body?

<p>It provides a socket for the femur head. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of osteoarthritis?

<p>It is commonly associated with aging and wear on the joints. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of bones form the hard palate of the mouth?

<p>Maxillary and palatine bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is kyphosis?

<p>An excess curvature in the thoracic part of the spine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the structure known as osteons?

<p>The basic unit of compact bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the effects of exercise on bones is true?

<p>Exercise results in thickening and strengthening bones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the growth hormone in bone development?

<p>It stimulates the growth of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes rheumatoid arthritis from osteoarthritis?

<p>Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease while osteoarthritis is caused by aging. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?

<p>Skull (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of exercise on bones?

<p>Results in thickening and strengthening of bones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the epiphyseal plate in bone growth?

<p>It is responsible for the lengthening of bones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the structure of a female pelvis compared to a male pelvis?

<p>Wider in all dimensions with lighter bones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition describes an excess curvature of the thoracic part of the vertebral column?

<p>Kyphosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about bone remodeling is accurate?

<p>Osteoblasts build new bone while osteoclasts resorb bone tissue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a vitamin A deficiency in children?

<p>Retardation of bone development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure is found at the outer surface of the epiphyses of long bones?

<p>Articular cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process where bone increases in thickness?

<p>Compact bone deposition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joints are classified based on their degree of movement?

<p>Synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic joints (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fracture occurs when a bone is broken into many pieces?

<p>Comminuted fracture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebra is known as the atlas?

<p>First cervical vertebra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bursae in the human body?

<p>Act as cushions for joints (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of fracture is typically caused by excessive twisting forces?

<p>Spiral fracture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as a result of incomplete development of the maxillae?

<p>Cleft palate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement allows for turning the head to look over one's shoulder?

<p>Rotation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fracture involves a bone that splinters into multiple pieces?

<p>Comminuted fracture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about joints classified as amphiarthrotic?

<p>They allow limited movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of red bone marrow in the body?

<p>Formation of blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the movements permitted by the elbow joint?

<p>Flexion and extension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the secondary curvatures of the vertebral column commonly referred to as?

<p>Cervical and lumbar curvatures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by an excess curvature of the thoracic part of the vertebral column?

<p>Kyphosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of vitamin D deficiency in children?

<p>Rickets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the structure of the sternum?

<p>It is composed of three parts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the acetabulum in the hip bone?

<p>To house the head of the femur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms correctly describes the growth of a bone in length?

<p>Increased activity within the epiphyseal plate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about spongy bone is accurate?

<p>It lacks a central canal system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the pairing of the pectoral girdle's components?

<p>Two scapulae and two clavicles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of arthritis is classified as an autoimmune disease?

<p>Rheumatoid arthritis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise affect bone density?

<p>Results in thickening and strengthening bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Age of complete bone ossification

Nearly all bones are completely ossified by age 25.

Dorsiflexion at ankle

Movement of the foot bringing it closer to the shin.

Incorrect flat bone example

The thigh bone (femur) is not a flat bone; it's a long bone.

Articular cartilage location

Articular cartilage is found on the outer surface of bone epiphyses.

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Cause of cleft palate

Incomplete development of the maxillae results in a cleft palate.

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Definition of sprain

A sprain is an overstretched or torn ligament in a joint.

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Abnormal spinal curvatures

Conditions where the spine has abnormal curves beyond the normal range.

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Non-synovial joint example

A symphysis joint is not a synovial joint.

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Comminuted fracture

A bone break where the bone shatters into fragments.

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Causes of arthritis

Common arthritis types have different causes: rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease, while osteoarthritis results from aging effects.

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Pectoral girdle

The pectoral girdle is comprised of two scapulae and two clavicles.

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Abduction

Moving a limb away from the midline of the body.

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Compound fracture

A broken bone that penetrates the skin.

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Primary spinal curves

Thoracic and sacral curves of the spine.

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Bone growth (Epiphyseal plate)

Bone lengthening occurs due to increased activity in the epiphyseal plate.

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Bone remodeling (osteoblasts/osteoclasts)

Incorrectly described. Osteoblasts build bone, and osteoclasts break it down.

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Complete bone ossification?

Nearly all bones are completely ossified by the age of 25.

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Dorsiflexion

The movement that brings the foot closer to the shin at the ankle joint.

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Flat bone example

The thigh bone (femur) is not a flat bone, it's a long bone. Examples of flat bones are the skull bones and the scapula.

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Cleft palate cause

A cleft palate results from incomplete development of the maxillae, which are the bones that form the upper jaw.

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Sprain definition

A sprain is an overstretched or torn ligament, which connects bone to bone.

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Symphysis joint

A symphysis joint is not a synovial joint. Synovial joints are freely movable, while symphysis joints are slightly movable.

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Pectoral Girdle Components

The pectoral girdle is formed by two scapulae (shoulder blades) and two clavicles (collar bones).

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What is Kyphosis?

Kyphosis is an excessive outward curvature of the thoracic spine, resulting in a rounded upper back.

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Bones in the Axial Skeleton

The axial skeleton includes the skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, and vertebral column.

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Ball-and-Socket Joint

A ball-and-socket joint allows for the widest range of motion, including rotation.

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Bone Growth and the Epiphyseal Plate

Bones grow in length due to the increased activity of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate.

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What type of joint is a symphysis?

A symphysis is a type of cartilaginous joint, meaning it's slightly movable. It's not a synovial joint, which are freely movable.

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What is the function of red bone marrow?

Red bone marrow is responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, which are essential components of blood.

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What is a comminuted fracture?

A comminuted fracture occurs when a bone breaks into multiple fragments, often due to high-impact trauma.

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What are bursae?

Bursae are small, fluid-filled sacs that act as cushions between tendons, ligaments, and bones, reducing friction during movement.

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What are the secondary curves of the vertebral column?

The secondary curves of the spine are the cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back) curvatures. These develop after birth as we learn to hold our head up and walk.

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What is a sprain?

A sprain occurs when ligaments, which connect bones to each other, are stretched or torn.

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What is the process by which a bone grows thicker?

Bones grow thicker through the deposition of compact bone beneath the periosteum, a tough membrane covering the bone.

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What is the process of bone lengthening?

Bone lengthening happens due to the increased activity of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate, located at the ends of long bones.

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What are the two primary spinal curves?

The primary spinal curves are the thoracic and sacral curvatures. These curves are present at birth and help support the body's weight.

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What is a compound fracture?

A compound fracture is a bone break where the broken bone pierces the skin, exposing the bone to the outside.

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What is the function of the pectoral girdle?

The pectoral girdle, composed of two scapulae (shoulder blades) and two clavicles (collar bones), provides attachment points for the upper limbs and allows for a wide range of arm movements.

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What is abduction?

Abduction is the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

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What are the bones of the hard palate?

The hard palate, the roof of the mouth, is formed by the maxillary and palatine bones.

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What type of joint allows for rotation?

A ball-and-socket joint allows for the widest range of motion, including rotation.

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What is the effect of exercise on bones?

Regular exercise strengthens and thickens bones by increasing bone density.

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Bone Ossification Time

The process of bone hardening is mostly complete by the age of 25.

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What is a Flat Bone?

A bone with a broad, flat surface, like the skull bones.

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Types of Joints

Joints are classified based on their movement: synarthrotic (immovable), amphiarthrotic (slightly movable), and diarthrotic (freely movable).

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Bone Growth in Thickness

Bones grow thicker by depositing compact bone under the periosteum, a membrane covering the bone.

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Osteoporosis

A disease that weakens bones, making them more likely to fracture. It occurs when bone mineral density and bone mass decrease, leading to a loss of bone tissue.

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What are the primary curves of the vertebral column?

The primary curves are the thoracic and sacral curvatures. These curves are present at birth and help support the body's weight.

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What is the acetabulum?

A depression in the hip bone that receives the head of the femur (thigh bone). This forms the hip joint.

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What is the process by which a bone grows in length?

Increased activity within the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) located at the ends of long bones. Cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate divide and are replaced by bone tissue, leading to bone lengthening.

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What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

Osteoblasts are cells that build bone tissue by depositing new bone matrix, while osteoclasts are cells that break down bone tissue by resorbing it. This process of building and breaking down bone is called bone remodeling.

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Study Notes

Bone Structure and Function

  • Nearly all bones are completely ossified by age 25.
  • Dorsiflexion brings the foot closer to the shin at the ankle joint.
  • Flat bones (incorrect example: thigh bone)
  • Articular cartilage is found on the outer surface of the epiphyses of long bones.
  • Cleft palate results from incomplete development of the maxillae.
  • Sprains involve overstretched or torn ligaments in a joint.
  • A symphysis is not a synovial joint.
  • The sternum has three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process (the statement about the bones being false is incorrect).
  • Bones are classified as irregular, flat, short, or long (True).
  • A comminuted fracture is a complete break in the bone with multiple fragments (a type of bone fracture that occurs when a bone is shattered into multiple pieces).
  • The hip bone is formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
  • Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that cushion joints (True).
  • The atlas is one of the cervical vertebrae.
  • Red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
  • Rotation of the head is an example of turning the head.
  • Bone thickens through deposition beneath the periosteum of the diaphysis.
  • Joints are classified as synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, or diarthrotic, based on the degree of movement.
  • A vitamin D deficiency in children results in rickets, which is retardation in bone development. A vitamin A deficiency does not result in bone conditions, but vitamin A does have overall effects on the body.

Skull and Vertebral Column

  • A complete skull filled with bone would be heavier.
  • The first cervical vertebra is the atlas, the second is the axis.
  • Lordosis is an excess curvature of the lumbar region, not the thoracic part. (False)
  • Fontanels allow for flexibility during fetal development.
  • Multiple sclerosis is not a spinal curvature.
  • Arthritis can be caused by autoimmune disorders (rheumatoid arthritis) or age-related wear and tear (osteoarthritis).
  • The pectoral girdle has two scapulae and two clavicles.
  • Abduction is moving a limb away from the midline of the body.
  • Compound fractures have bone fragments exposed.
  • The thoracic and sacral curvatures are the primary curves.
  • The maxilla and palatine bones form the hard palate.
  • Spongy bone does have osteons.
  • Exercise strengthens bones.
  • Bone remodeling involves osteoblasts creating new bone and osteoclasts breaking down old bone, not the reverse. (False)
  • Ribs that are directly connected to the sternum are called true ribs or vertebrosternal ribs.
  • The parietal bones join at the sagittal suture, this is true.
  • Flexion and extension movements are permitted at the elbow joint.
  • The axial skeleton includes the skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage (ribs and sternum), and vertebral column.
  • Rotational movement is possible in ball-and-socket joints.
  • Kyphosis is an excess curvature of the thoracic spine. (True)

Bone Growth & Development

  • Increased activity in the epiphyseal plate decreases the rate of cell division, thus decreasing the growth.
  • Growth hormone promotes cartilage cell division.
  • The most abundant inorganic form of calcium in bones is hydroxyapatite.
  • A female's pelvis is wider than a male's.
  • Osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic condition causing brittle bones.
  • Phalanges are the finger and toe bones.
  • Epiphyseal plates allow for bone growth in length.
  • Articular cartilage is made of hyaline cartilage.
  • Fracture repair involves hematoma formation, granulation, fibrocartilage, osteoclast/phagocyte activity, and callus formation.

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Description

Test your knowledge on human bone structure and functions with this quiz. It covers important concepts related to ossification, types of bones, joint types, and various fractures. Perfect for students studying anatomy or health sciences.

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