Bone Structure and Function Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which bone in the foot can move freely?

Metatarsals

Talus (correct)

Calcaneus

Phalanges

What structure is responsible for holding yellow marrow in the long bone?

Medullary cavity (correct)

Endosteum

Articular cartilage

Ephiphysis

What are lamellae in bone structure?

Concentric layers of matrix (correct)

Connective tissue covering the bone

Spaces housing bone cells

Blood vessels within the bone

What is the primary function of the articular cartilage?

Enables joint movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural unit of compact bone called?

Haversian system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the clavicles in the pectoral girdle?

To stabilize the shoulder and serve as a brace for the scapula Signup and view all the answers

Which bone of the upper limb articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula?

Humerus Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the radius allows it to articulate with the ulna?

Ulnar notch Signup and view all the answers

Which process of the ulna articulates with the coronoid fossa when the elbow is flexed?

Coronoid Signup and view all the answers

What structure of the radius allows for tendon attachment from the biceps brachii?

Radial tuberosity Signup and view all the answers

Which side of the forearm is the radius located on?

Lateral side Signup and view all the answers

The olecranon process of the ulna interacts with which structure when the elbow is extended?

Olecranon fossa Signup and view all the answers

Which of these bones is the longer one in the forearm?

Ulna Signup and view all the answers

What type of ossification forms most bones of the human body?

Endochondral ossification Signup and view all the answers

Which growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate of long bones?

Interstitial growth Signup and view all the answers

Which type of growth increases the diameter of bones?

Appositional growth Signup and view all the answers

What role do osteoclasts play in bone remodeling?

Resorb worn cells and dissolve calcium from bone matrix Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily involved in regulating calcium levels in the blood?

Parathyroid hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the process of bone repair after a fracture?

Hematoma formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of osteoblast activity?

Formation of new bone and deposition of calcium into the bone Signup and view all the answers

What forms during the fibrocartilaginous callus stage of bone repair?

Collagen fibers and cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What are the bones that compose the cranium?

8 specific bones including frontal and occipital Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is the only one in the body that does not articulate with another bone?

Hyoid bone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs correctly match the vertebrae to their respective regions?

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar Signup and view all the answers

What function do the paranasal sinuses serve?

Reduce the weight of the skull and provide resonance to the voice Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rib directly connects to the sternum?

True ribs Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the curvature types in the vertebral column?

Convex anterior - concave anterior - concave posterior Signup and view all the answers

Which bone forms the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity?

Sacrum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of intervertebral discs?

Absorb shock and allow motion between vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is not considered part of the axial skeleton?

Femur Signup and view all the answers

Which of these muscles are anchored to the hyoid bone?

Muscles associated with swallowing Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'sella turcica' refer to?

A part of the sphenoid bone that supports the pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the main composition of the sternum?

Three bones that fuse together Signup and view all the answers

What shape is the sphenoid bone often described as resembling?

Bat or butterfly Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of ribs are classified as true ribs?

7 pairs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a condition characterized by inflammation of the synovial membrane?

Rheumatoid arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary manifestation of osteoporosis?

Increased radiolucency Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is defined as the circular movement of a limb around a central point?

Circumduction Signup and view all the answers

Dislocation is primarily related to which kind of joint issue?

Displacement of bone surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the condyloid joint commonly associated with?

Knuckles Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with gout?

Localized sharp pain Signup and view all the answers

Which joint condition is characterized by a deterioration of joint cartilage?

Osteoarthritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial process that occurs after a ligament is torn?

Inflammatory process Signup and view all the answers

Which system works with the skeletal system to assist in movement?

Muscular system Signup and view all the answers

What are the main symptoms of tendinitis?

Localized pain and soreness Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Axial Skeleton Overview

The axial skeleton includes bones of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage, and middle ear bones, and lies along the body’s midline.

Skull Anatomy

Comprised of the cranium and facial bones, it protects the brain.
Features immovable joints known as sutures.
The cranium consists of eight bones: frontal (1), parietal (2), occipital (1), temporal (2), sphenoid (1), and ethmoid (1).

Sphenoid and Ethmoid Bones

Sphenoid Bone:
- Bat or butterfly-shaped, forms the base of the cranium.
- Supports the pituitary gland via the sella turcica and contains sphenoidal sinuses.
Ethmoid Bone:
- Comprises the roof and walls of the nasal cavity.
- Contains ethmoidal sinuses and contributes to the structure of the orbits.

Sinuses

Air-filled spaces within bones lined by mucous membranes.
Serve to reduce skull weight and provide voice resonance.
Major paranasal sinuses include maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal.

Facial Bones

Comprised of several bones including maxillae, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, vomer, inferior nasal conchae, and mandible.

Hyoid Bone

Located superior to the larynx, it is the only bone not articulating with another.
Anchors the tongue and serves as an attachment site for swallowing muscles.

Vertebral Column

Provides support for the rib cage and serves as an attachment for the pelvic girdle, protecting the spinal cord.
Contains 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), and 3-5 coccygeal vertebrae (fused to form coccyx).

Vertebrae Structure

Composed of body, vertebral foramen, and bony projections for muscle attachment.
Unique cervical vertebrae include atlas (C1) for head support and axis (C2) for head rotation.

Rib Cage

Protects heart and lungs and supports the pectoral girdle.
Composed of 12 pairs of ribs; true ribs (7 pairs attached directly to the sternum) and false ribs (5 pairs, including floating ribs).
Sternum consists of manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

Appendicular Skeleton

Divided into pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.

Upper Limb Anatomy

Humerus: Arm's long bone, articulates with scapula.
Radius: Lateral forearm bone, involved in elbow function.
Ulna: Longer bone of the forearm, articulates with humerus at the elbow.

Foot Anatomy

Comprised of seven tarsal bones, five metatarsal bones, and phalanges.
Talus enables movement; calcaneus supports body weight.

Long Bone Structure

Features periosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis, medullary cavity, articular cartilage, and endosteum.
Structural unit is the Haversian system or osteon, essential for nutrient transport.

Bone Growth and Remodeling

Epiphyseal Growth: Occurs at the growth plate until ossification.
Appositional Growth: Increases bone diameter.
Remodeling involves osteoclasts (bone resorption) and osteoblasts (bone formation), regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and growth hormone.

Bone Repair Process

Involves hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and remodeling.

Joint Movements

Includes angular movements (flexion, extension) and circular movements (circumduction, rotation).

Disorders of Bones and Joints

Common issues: dislocations, sprains, strains, osteoporosis, tendinitis, rickets, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout.
Manifestations vary, including pain, swelling, and mobility issues.

Functions of the Skeletal System

Protects organs, assists respiration, stores and releases calcium, supports immunity, aids digestion, and facilitates locomotion.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of bones with this quiz! It covers various aspects of bone structure, including the mobility of certain bones in the foot, the function of yellow marrow, and key features of compact bone. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand these fundamental concepts in anatomy.