Bones and Skeletal Tissues
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Questions and Answers

Which type of cells are responsible for the resorption of bone?

  • Osteoprogenitor cells
  • Osteoclasts (correct)
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoblasts

    • Osteoprogenitor cells are found only in growing bones.

    False

    What is contained within the medullary cavity of adult long bones?

  • Red bone marrow
  • Spongy bone
  • Compact bone
  • Yellow bone marrow (correct)

    • What is the primary function of osteocytes?

    <p>To monitor and maintain the mineralized bone matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epiphysis is the central part of the long bone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoblasts are _____-synthesizing cells responsible for bone growth.

    <p>matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage covers the joint surface of each epiphysis?

    <p>articular (hyaline) cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bone cell types to their primary function:

    <p>Osteoprogenitor cells = Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts Osteoblasts = Matrix-synthesizing cells Osteoclasts = Bone-resorbing cells Osteocytes = Cells that maintain the mineralized bone matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From where do all bone cell types, except for osteoclasts, originate?

    <p>Embryonic connective tissue cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The area where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet is called the __________.

    <p>metaphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epiphyseal plate in children?

    <p>To increase bone length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteocytes originate from osteoprogenitor cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of osteoblasts in bone tissue?

    <p>To synthesize new bone matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epiphyseal line is a remnant of the epiphyseal plate in adults.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone forms the outer shell of the epiphysis?

    <p>compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Diaphysis = The central shaft of the long bone Epiphysis = The ends of the long bone that articulate at joints Medullary cavity = The hollow space within the diaphysis that contains marrow Metaphysis = The region between the diaphysis and epiphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do canaliculi and gap junctions serve in bone tissue?

    <p>They allow bone cells to be well nourished.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All lamellae in compact bone are part of complete osteons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two locations where circumferential lamellae are found?

    <p>Just deep to the periosteum and just superficial to the endosteum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trabeculae in spongy bone align precisely along lines of _____ and help the bone resist that stress.

    <p>stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Canaliculi = Nourishes bone cells Interstitial Lamellae = Incomplete lamellae between osteons Circumferential Lamellae = Resists twisting of long bones Trabeculae = Supportive structures in spongy bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes spongy bone?

    <p>It is characterized by a network of trabeculae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The collagen fibers in adjacent lamellae run in the same direction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone is often referred to as lamellar bone?

    <p>Compact bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is primarily responsible for resisting torsional stresses in bone?

    <p>Lamellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary substance secreted by osteoblasts that contributes to bone structure and flexibility?

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All osteons contain osteocytes and the central canal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bone’s resilience comes primarily from inorganic components.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the tiny crystals in bone that align between collagen fibers, enabling it to resist compression?

    <p>Bone salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The strong organic components of bone include the _____ cells and osteoid.

    <p>bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to the formation of bone tissue?

    <p>Ossification or osteogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bones primarily grow in ________ during early adulthood.

    <p>thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of bone with their primary functions:

    <p>Osteocytes = Maintain bone matrix Osteoblasts = Form new bone Perforating canals = Connect blood supply Haversian canal = Contain nerves and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their respective characteristics or roles:

    <p>Collagen = Provides flexibility and tensile strength Hydroxyapatite = Inorganic component contributing to hardness Osteoblasts = Cells responsible for bone formation Sacrificial bonds = Help dissipate energy on impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of canal connects the medullary cavity to Haversian canals?

    <p>Volkmann's canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Healthy bone is weaker than steel in resisting compression.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the aging of bones?

    <p>Bones can still grow thicker through remodeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skeleton consists only of bones in adults.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone is surrounded by concentric lamellae?

    <p>Compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accounts for the hardness of bone?

    <p>Mineral salts like hydroxyapatites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does epiphyseal plate closure typically occur in females?

    <p>18 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Appositional growth only occurs in diaphysis of long bones during childhood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the epiphyseal plates as adolescence comes to an end?

    <p>They become thinner and are eventually replaced by bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Long bones grow in length until the epiphysis and _______ fuse.

    <p>diaphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their functions:

    <p>Osteoblasts = Bone matrix secretion Osteoclasts = Bone resorption Chondroblasts = Cartilage formation Articular cartilage = Cushions joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What remains in bones after complete epiphyseal plate closure?

    <p>Articular cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoblasts help in the process of bone resorption.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows an adult bone to widen if stressed by muscle activity or body weight?

    <p>Appositional growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason bones are considered dynamic organs?

    <p>They undergo continuous remodeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bones and cartilages form the external supports of the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bones when things go wrong?

    <p>They can weaken, fracture, or deform.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structure primarily responsible for covering the opening of the larynx during swallowing is the __________.

    <p>epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cartilage with their primary function:

    <p>Hyaline = Provides smooth surfaces for joint movement Elastic = Maintains shape while allowing flexibility Fibrocartilage = Absorbs shock and reduces friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?

    <p>Stores calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skeleton consists only of bones in adults.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe one function of bones.

    <p>Support and shape for the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of osteocytes in bone tissue?

    <p>To maintain communication with osteoblasts and osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Canaliculi allow nutrients and waste to be exchanged between osteocytes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to osteoblasts as they secrete bone matrix?

    <p>They become trapped and transform into osteocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structural unit of compact bone is called the __________.

    <p>osteon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from hypersecretion of growth hormone in children?

    <p>Giganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The osteoid seam is a mineralized band of bone matrix.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of bone with their primary functions:

    <p>Osteoblasts = Secrete bone matrix Osteoclasts = Resorb bone tissue Osteocytes = Maintain bone tissue Canaliculi = Facilitate communication between cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers osteoblasts to release matrix vesicles during bone calcification?

    <p>High concentrations of Ca 2+ and Pi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of all osteons allows them to resist torsional forces?

    <p>They contain collagen fibers running in different directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary ossification center in a long bone is located in the __________.

    <p>diaphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteocytes are unable to communicate with each other within the osteon.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do osteocytes use to maintain communication with other bone cells?

    <p>Gap junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the bone cell type with its function:

    <p>Osteoblasts = Bone formation Osteoclasts = Bone resorption Osteocytes = Bone maintenance Osteoprogenitor cells = Bone cell precursors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the transition between the osteoid seam and older mineralized bone?

    <p>Calcification front</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bone remodeling only involves the removal of bone tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when calcium phosphate crystals act as seeds for hydroxyapatites in bone?

    <p>Calcified bone matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of osteocytes?

    <p>They monitor and maintain the mineralized bone matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoclasts originate from osteogenic cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of osteoblasts?

    <p>They are responsible for bone growth and matrix synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoprogenitor cells, also known as __________, can differentiate into osteoblasts.

    <p>osteogenic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the bone cell type with its function:

    <p>Osteoprogenitor = Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts Osteoblast = Matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth Osteocyte = Mature bone cell that monitors the matrix Osteoclast = Bone-resorbing cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for forming new bone tissue?

    <p>Osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoprogenitor cells can only be found in adult bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of osteoclasts in bone tissue.

    <p>Osteoclasts are responsible for the resorption or breaking down of bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bone Structure

    • Long bones are comprised of a diaphysis (shaft) and two epiphyses (ends)
    • The diaphysis is made of compact bone, surrounding a medullary cavity filled with yellow bone marrow (fat)
    • Between the diaphysis and epiphysis is the epiphyseal line (growth plate during childhood)
    • The epiphyses are covered in articular (hyaline) cartilage, to cushion and absorb stress during movement

    Bone Cells

    • Osteoprogenitor cells are stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
    • Osteoblasts synthesize and secrete bone matrix
    • Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix
    • Osteoclasts break down bone (bone resorption)

    Compact Bone Anatomy

    • Osteon is a unit of compact bone, formed by concentric rings of lamellae (bone matrix)
    • Each lamella contains collagen fibers running in one direction, alternating in adjacent lamellae
    • Central canal (Haversian canal) runs through the center containing blood vessels and nerves
    • Perforating canals (Volkmann’s canals) connect the central canals and medullary cavity
    • Canaliculi connect osteocytes in lacunae to the central canal
    • Interstitial lamellae fill gaps between osteons
    • Circumferential lamellae are located beneath the periosteum & superficial to the endosteum

    Spongy Bone Anatomy

    • Trabeculae (thin plates of bone) are irregularly arranged and align along lines of stress
    • Trabeculae contain osteocytes in lacunae interconnected by canaliculi
    • Nutrients diffuse from capillaries in the endosteum to osteocytes

    Bone Chemical Composition

    • Bone is comprised of organic and inorganic components
    • Organic component: cells (osteoprogentitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, and osteoclasts) and osteoid (unmineralized bone matrix)
    • Inorganic component: hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)
    • The combination of organic and inorganic components contribute to bone’s strength, flexibility, and resilience

    Bone Growth & Development

    • Ossification (osteogenesis): process of bone formation
    • Occurs in embryos, forming the bony skeleton
    • Bone growth continues until early adulthood, lengthening bones

    Bone Remodeling in Detail

    • Bone Remodeling: A continuous process where bone is broken down (resorption) and new bone is formed (deposition)
    • Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption. They break down bone matrix and release Calcium
    • Osteoblasts are responsible for bone deposition. They synthesize and secrete new bone matrix
    • Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix and communicate with other bone cells
    • Osteoprogenitor cells are stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
    • The process of bone remodeling is influenced by mechanical stress, age, hormones, and diet.
    • Remodeling maintains bone shape, strength, and mineral homeostasis.
    • When bone is stressed, osteoblasts are stimulated to deposit new bone, making the bone stronger.
    • Bone remodeling is essential for bone repair.
    • Bone remodeling ensures bones remain strong throughout life.
    • Osteocytes monitor and maintain bone matrix, triggering bone remodeling.
    • Canaliculi connect osteocytes, allowing communication throughout an osteon.
    • Bone deposition occurs in the osteoid seam, which is an unmineralized band of bone matrix.

    • Calcification front forms as calcium and phosphorus concentrations rise in the osteoid.
    • Matrix vesicles contain alkaline phosphatase which releases phosphate ions, leading to hydroxyapatite formation.
    • The balance between bone deposition and resorption is crucial for bone health.
    • Changes in the balance can lead to conditions like osteoporosis (loss of bone mass)

    Bone Development

    • Bone formation begins with cartilage models
    • Bone growth in length occurs at the epiphyseal plates.
    • The epiphyseal plate is a layer of hyaline cartilage that separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis.
    • Chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate divide and produce new cartilage.
    • As the cartilage grows, it is replaced by bone tissue through endochondral ossification.
    • Each long bone has a primary ossification center in the diaphysis and secondary ossification centers in the epiphysis.

    Bone Growth in Width

    • Bone growth in width occurs through appositional growth.
    • Osteoblasts in the periosteum secrete bone matrix on the external bone surface.
    • Osteoclasts on the endosteal surface remove bone.
    • This process results in a thicker, stronger bone.

    Other Key Points

    • Epiphyseal plate closure ends longitudinal bone growth.
    • Articular cartilage remains in bones, which makes them flexible and allows for smooth movement at joints.
    • Bone remodeling continues throughout life, ensuring that bones remain strong and healthy.
    • Hormones, like growth hormone and thyroid hormone, influence bone development and growth.
    • Growth hormone stimulates cartilage growth in the epiphyseal plates.
    • Thyroid hormone stimulates chondrocyte activity and promotes bone growth.
    • Deficiencies in growth hormone or thyroid hormone can lead to dwarfism.
    • Excess growth hormone can lead to gigantism.

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    Description

    Explore the intricate details of bone structure and the different types of bone cells. This quiz covers long bones, compact bone anatomy, and the various cell types responsible for bone growth and maintenance. Test your knowledge about osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

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