Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of cartilage is found in synchondroses?
What type of cartilage is found in synchondroses?
Which feature is unique to symphyses?
Which feature is unique to symphyses?
What is the function of synovial fluid in synovial joints?
What is the function of synovial fluid in synovial joints?
What is the main characteristic of a meniscus found in synovial joints?
What is the main characteristic of a meniscus found in synovial joints?
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What describes the fibrous capsule of a synovial joint?
What describes the fibrous capsule of a synovial joint?
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Which type of cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones within synovial joints?
Which type of cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones within synovial joints?
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What is bursitis?
What is bursitis?
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Which type of synovial joint is involved in movement around multiple axes?
Which type of synovial joint is involved in movement around multiple axes?
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Which anatomical feature is NOT part of a synovial joint?
Which anatomical feature is NOT part of a synovial joint?
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What is the role of the synovial membrane in a synovial joint?
What is the role of the synovial membrane in a synovial joint?
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Study Notes
Bone Structure
- Spongy bone consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called trabeculae
- Compact bone (Cortical Bone) is a solid, outer layer surrounding each bone
Bone Cells
- There are three types of bone cells:
- Osteoblasts: bone-building cells
- Osteocytes: mature bone cells
- Osteoclasts: break down and resorb bone tissue
Osteon
- Functional unit of compact bone
- Composed of concentric rings of matrix, which surround a central tunnel and contain osteocytes
- Central canal: the "bull's eye" of the target, circular target resembled by the osteon
Long Bone Structure
- Traditional model for overall bone structure
- Outer compact bone surfaces and spongy centers
- Centers of ossification: locations in the membrane where intramembranous ossification begins
- Fontanels (Soft Spots): larger, membrane-covered spaces between the developing skull bones that have not yet been ossified
- Diaphysis: center portion of the bone, composed of primarily compact bone tissue
- Epiphyses: ends of a long bone, mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone
- Medullary Cavity: hollow center surrounded by the diaphysis
- Endochondral Ossification: cartilage model
- Epiphyseal Plate (Growth Plate): located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis, where growth in bone length occurs
- Epiphyseal Line: when bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified
Skull Bones
- Parietal Bones:
- Connected to the occipital bone by the lambdoid suture
- Along with the temporal bones, make up the majority of the lateral portion of the skull
- Temporal Bones:
- Connected to the skull by the squamous sutures
- Subdivided into three main regions:
- Squamous part: meets the parietal bone
- Tympanic part: has the prominent external auditory canal
- Petrous part: extends inward toward the center of the skull, houses the middle and inner ears
Other Bones
- Occipital Bone: makes up the majority of the skull's posterior wall and base
- Sphenoid Bone: a single bone that extends completely across the skull
- Hyoid Bone: important for speech and swallowing
- Vertebral Column: performs five major functions, consisting of 26 bones (vertebrae) divided into five regions
Vertebral Column
- General Features of the Vertebrae:
- Each vertebra consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and various processes
- Vertebral Body: solid bony disk of each vertebra, supports the body's weight
- Vertebral Arch: along with the body, protects the spinal cord
- Vertebral Foramen: occupied by the spinal cord in a living person
- Vertebral Canal: contains the entire spinal cord and cauda equina
- Transverse Process: extend laterally from each side of the arch between the lamina and the pedicle
- Spinous Process: lies at the junction between the two laminae
- Intervertebral Foramina: locations where two vertebrae meet
- Synchondroses: contain hyaline cartilage
- Symphyses: contain fibrocartilage
Joints
- Synovial Joints: contain synovial fluid and allow considerable movement between articulating bones
- Articular Cartilage: thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the articular surfaces of bones within synovial joints
- Meniscus: flat pad of fibrocartilage, type of articular disk that only partially spans the synovial cavity
- Joint Cavity: space around the articular surfaces of the bones in a synovial joint, filled with synovial fluid and surrounded by a joint capsule
- Fibrous Capsule: outer layer of the joint capsule, consists of dense irregular connective tissues
- Synovial Membrane: inner layer of the joint capsule, lines the joint cavity, except over the articular cartilage and articular disks
- Synovial Fluid: viscous lubricating film that covers the surfaces of a joint
- Bursa: extended as pocket or sac by the synovial membrane
- Bursitis: inflammation of a bursa, may cause considerable pain around the joint and restrict movement
- Types of Synovial Joints:
- Plane
- Saddle
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Ball-and-socket
- Ellipsoid
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Description
This quiz covers the structure and composition of bones, including spongy bone and compact bone, as well as the three types of bone cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
