Bone Physiology Quiz

Bone formation process where mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which secrete bone matrix that calcifies into spongy bone, forming flat bones like those in the skull and clavicles.

Bone formation process involving the replacement of hyaline cartilage by bone tissue, resulting in the development of long bones.

A continuous process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts, maintaining bone strength and mineral balance.

The resting phase of bone remodelling where no resorption or formation occurs.

Phase of bone remodelling where osteoclasts break down old bone, creating resorption bays.

Phase of bone remodelling where mononuclear cells prepare the bone surface for new bone formation.

Phase of bone remodelling where osteoblasts lay down new bone matrix, filling in the resorption bays.

Phase of bone remodelling where the newly formed bone matrix becomes mineralized with calcium and phosphate, restoring bone strength.

A joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage, allowing for limited movement. Examples include the epiphyseal plates in growing bones.

A joint where bones are connected by fibrocartilage, allowing for slight movement. Examples include the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs.

The most movable type of joint in the body. These joints have a fluid-filled cavity that allows for a wide range of movements.

A type of synovial joint that allows movement in one plane, such as flexion and extension. Examples include the elbow and knee.

A type of synovial joint that allows sliding or gliding movements. Found in the carpals of the wrist.

A synovial joint that allows rotational movement around a single axis. An example is the atlantoaxial joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae, which allows for head rotation.

A type of synovial joint that allows movement in two planes (flexion-extension and abduction-adduction). The thumb joint (carpometacarpal joint) is a good example.

A synovial joint that allows movement in two planes without rotation. The wrist joint is an example.

A type of synovial joint that allows movement in multiple planes and rotation. Examples include the shoulder and hip joints.

Bones provide a rigid framework that supports the body and helps maintain its shape. This is essential for posture and the attachment of muscles for movement.

Bones protect vital organs by forming hard barriers. Examples include the skull protecting the brain, the rib cage protecting the heart and lungs, and vertebrae protecting the spinal cord.

Bones work as levers that muscles pull on to create movement. Joints, where bones meet, allow for a range of motions, leading to skeletal movement.

Bones store essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus. These minerals can be released into the bloodstream when needed to maintain mineral balance and support physiological processes like nerve conduction and muscle contraction.

The yellow marrow found in the cavities of long bones stores triglycerides, which serve as an energy reserve for the body.

The red marrow inside certain bones is responsible for hematopoiesis, the production of blood cells like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Long bones are longer than they are wide, primarily serving as levers. Examples include the femur and humerus.

These bones have complex shapes that don't fit into any of the other categories, such as the vertebrae and some facial bones.

Volkmann's canals connect to Haversian canals, allowing blood vessels and nerves to reach the interior of bone. They are channels that run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone, linking the Haversian canals.

Ball-and-socket joints offer the widest range of motion, enabling movement in multiple planes, including rotation. Examples include the shoulder and hip joints.

Bone formation involves the creation of new bone matrix by osteoblasts. This process is part of bone remodeling, which involves the replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue.

Osteoporosis occurs when osteoclasts, which break down bone, work more efficiently than osteoblasts, which build bone. This leads to weakened bones and increased fracture risk.

Rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disease, attacks the synovial membrane of joints, causing inflammation, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion. This leads to pain, stiffness, and joint deformity.

Osteoclast activity can be reduced by bisphosphonates, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and weight-bearing exercise, all of which can help manage osteoporosis.

Anti-inflammatory medications, DMARDs, and physical therapy can help manage rheumatoid arthritis by reducing inflammation, slowing disease progression, and preserving joint function.

Canaliculi are microscopic channels that connect osteocytes within the lacunae. They allow the exchange of nutrients and waste products between osteocytes and blood vessels.

Large, valveless veins found within the spongy bone of the skull, they drain blood from the cranial bones and connect to the venous sinuses of the brain.

The 'building block' of compact bone, consisting of concentric rings of calcified matrix (lamellae) surrounding a central Haversian canal containing blood vessels and nerves.

The central canal of an osteon, containing blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone cells.

Horizontal canals connecting adjacent Haversian canals, allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass between osteons.

Small channels that connect osteocytes within the lamellae, facilitating nutrient exchange and waste removal.

Precursor cells that differentiate into osteoblasts; found in the periosteum and endosteum, crucial for bone growth and repair.

Bone-forming cells responsible for synthesizing and secreting bone matrix, differentiating into osteocytes when trapped in the matrix.

Mature bone cells responsible for maintaining the bone matrix, residing in lacunae and communicating with each other and the bone surface through canaliculi.