Bone and Cartilage Anatomy Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the main function of red bone marrow in the body?

Mineral storage

Fat storage in yellow marrow

Support for cartilage growth

Production of blood cells (correct)

Which characteristic differentiates bone tissue from cartilage tissue?

Bone is hard and strong compared to flexible cartilage (correct)

Bone cells are called chondrocytes

Cartilage is vascularized

Bone is more flexible than cartilage

Which of the following components is NOT found in bone matrix?

Ca3(PO4)2

Protein

Chondrocytes (correct)

Osteocytes

What is the role of the periosteum in bone structure?

Covers the outer surface of all bones Signup and view all the answers

What tissue type is primarily associated with the slow growth and repair process?

Cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoblasts during the process of bone formation?

To produce new bone Signup and view all the answers

What occurs after the epiphyseal plates close?

Bone remodeling continues at a balanced rate Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating bone growth during early adolescence?

Estrogen Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the development of the fetal hyaline cartilage model?

Differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondroblasts Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does the periosteal bone collar form around the cartilage?

After cartilage calcifies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of physical stress on bones?

Bones increase in thickness and strength Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is crucial for promoting the absorption of calcium and phosphate into bone?

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs at the epiphyseal plate that allows for bone growth in length?

Mitosis of chondrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the cartilage at the epiphyseal plate as a person ages?

It ossifies and forms epiphyseal lines Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of calcitonin in bone physiology?

Regulating calcium homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which zones of the epiphyseal plate are primarily involved in the calcification process?

Zones 4 and 5 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the remodeling rate of spongy bone compared to compact bone?

Spongy bone is remodeled 2-3 times a year, more frequently than compact bone Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key features of appositional growth in bone?

Increase in bone diameter Signup and view all the answers

What is a periosteal collar and its role in bone development?

A ring-like structure formed during bone calcification Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following stages does bone replace calcified cartilage?

In the primary ossification center Signup and view all the answers

At what point do secondary ossification centers begin to form?

At birth, but some form later Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of the paranasal sinuses?

Lighten the skull Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes false ribs from true ribs?

True ribs attach directly to the sternum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the vertebral column is true?

There are two inferior fused bones in the column Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the arches of the foot?

To minimize pressure on muscles and nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the fetal skull?

Fontanelles are areas of dense regular connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is associated with the female pelvis compared to the male pelvis?

Wider subpubic angle Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the auditory ossicles?

Tympanic membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hyoid bone?

Serves as an attachment site for the tongue Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the bone fracture healing process?

Formation of fracture hematoma Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of bone healing do osteoblasts begin to produce trabeculae of primary bone?

Bony callus phase Signup and view all the answers

What type of ossification occurs within cartilage?

Endochondral ossification Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone growth continues throughout life?

Appositional growth Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key functions of cartilage?

Providing flexible support Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the remodeling phase in bone healing?

Replacement of spongy bone with compact bone Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for the formation of the fibrocartilaginous callus?

Chondrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about bone density is accurate?

Bone density decreases with age. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bone Storage and Blood Cell Production

Bones store minerals vital for cellular function, especially calcium (Ca++) and phosphate (PO4-), crucial for muscle cells.
Yellow bone marrow stores lipids.
Bones contain stem cells capable of differentiating into cartilage, fat, or bone cells.
Red bone marrow generates blood cells (hemopoiesis), harboring stem cells that produce erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.

Cartilage and Bone Characteristics

Mechanical Properties: Cartilage is rigid yet flexible; bone is hard and strong.
Mature Cell Type: Cartilage: chondrocytes; Bone: osteocytes.
Matrix Composition: Cartilage: primarily protein; Bone: protein and calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2).
Vascularity: Cartilage: avascular (lacks blood vessels); Bone: vascular.
Innervation: Cartilage: lacks nerve innervation; Bone: innervated.
Growth/Repair: Cartilage: slow; Bone: fast.
Membrane: Cartilage: perichondrium; Bone: periosteum. The periosteum has an outer fibrous and inner cellular layer, anchored by perforating fibers. The endosteum lines the internal bone surfaces and contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.

Bone Classification and Structure

Human bones are classified into four types based on shape.
Compact bone: The basic functional unit is the osteon, with osteocytes arranged in concentric lamellae around a central canal.
Spongy bone: The structure is a network of trabeculae

Endochondral Ossification

A process of bone formation from a hyaline cartilage model.
Stage 1: Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts, which secrete cartilage matrix, forming a cartilage model. Chondroblasts mature into chondrocytes. A perichondrium forms.
Stage 2: Cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms around the diaphysis (shaft). Chondrocytes hypertrophy, resorb matrix, and die, allowing blood vessels to invade. The perichondrium converts to periosteum, and osteoblasts secrete osteoid.
Stage 3: A primary ossification center develops in the diaphysis. Osteoid is deposited onto cartilage remnants, extending towards the epiphyses (ends of the bone). Bone replaces calcified cartilage.
Stage 4: Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses. Osteoclasts resorb bone matrix in the diaphysis, forming a medullary cavity.
Stage 5: Cartilage remains only at articular cartilages and epiphyseal plates (growth plates).
Stage 6: Epiphyseal plates ossify, forming epiphyseal lines, marking the end of growth (ages vary depending on the bone and sex; provided table gives examples).

Bone Growth

Interstitial growth: Lengthening occurs at the epiphyseal plate.
Appositional growth: Growth in diameter involves new bone formation on the exterior surface and bone resorption on the inner surface (endosteum) enlarging the marrow cavity.

Factors Influencing Bone Growth

Mechanical Stress: Exercise strengthens bones.
Hormones: Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, estrogen, and testosterone regulate bone growth during different stages of development. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone control calcium homeostasis.
Vitamins: Vitamin A (activates osteoblasts), Vitamin C (collagen production), and Vitamin D (calcium and phosphate absorption) are essential for bone health.

Bone Remodeling

Bone is constantly remodeled throughout life, maintaining calcium and phosphate levels. The rate of remodeling varies greatly, with spongy bone replaced more frequently than compact bone.

Bone Fractures and Healing

Stage 1: A fracture hematoma (blood clot) forms within 4-8 hours.
Stage 2: A fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus forms (2-7 days) consisting of cartilage and osteoid.
Stage 3: The soft callus is replaced by a bony (hard) callus through endochondral ossification (2+ weeks).
Stage 4: Bone remodeling occurs over months to years, with compact bone replacing spongy bone.

Skeletal Structures

Paranasal sinuses: Air-filled spaces that lighten the skull, warm and humidify air, and contribute to sound resonance.
Orbital complex: Bony sockets protecting the eyes and containing eye movement muscles.
Auditory ossicles: Three tiny bones (malleus, incus, stapes) in the temporal bone, essential for hearing.
Hyoid bone: Unique bone not articulating with any other; supports the tongue and larynx.
Fetal skull: Cranial bones are connected by fontanelles (soft spots) of connective tissue.
Vertebral column: Composed of 26 bones (24 vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx).
Ribs: 12 pairs; true ribs connect directly to the sternum, false ribs indirectly, and floating ribs do not connect to the sternum.
Pelvis: Significant sex differences exist, primarily due to childbearing requirements.
Arches of the foot: Medial, lateral, and transverse arches provide support and distribute weight.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on bone storage, blood cell production, and the characteristics of cartilage and bone. This quiz covers essential concepts in human anatomy, including the differences between cartilage and bone, their cellular components, and their mechanical properties.