Anatomy & Physiology BMS 101

Anatomy & Physiology BMS 101

• This course covers anatomical terms related to cartilage and bone.
• Learning objectives include identifying anatomical terms, describing anatomical position, describing cartilage types and locations, classifying the skeleton, and listing bone functions.
• Anatomical position: standing erect, eyes forward, arms straight at sides, palms forward, thumb directed laterally.
• Other positions: supine (lying on back), prone (lying on stomach), lateral decubitus (lying on side).
• Anatomical Directional Terms:
  • Anterior (ventral) – in front of
  • Posterior (dorsal) – behind
  • Medial – nearer to the midline
  • Lateral – farther from the midline
  • Superior (cranial) – above
  • Inferior (caudal) – below
  • Proximal – nearer to the point of attachment
  • Distal – farther from the point of attachment
  • Superficial – toward the surface
  • Deep – away from the surface
  • Palmar – palm side of hand
  • Dorsal – back of hand
  • Plantar – sole of foot
• Anatomical Planes:
  • Sagittal (median) plane – divides the body into right and left halves
  • Paramedian plane – parallel to the median plane, dividing the body into right and left parts
  • Coronal (frontal) plane – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
  • Transverse (horizontal) plane – divides the body into superior and inferior parts
• Skeleton:
  • Composed of 206 bones.
  • Classified by position:
    • Axial skeleton – bones in the midline of the body -Appendicular skeleton – bones of the limbs and their girdles
• Axial Skeleton components:
  • Skull and mandible
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
  • Vertebral column
  • Hyoid bone
• Skull : the skeleton of the cranium and face; consists of 21 immovable bones joined at sutures.
• Mandible: the skeleton of the lower jaw; the only movable bone in the head.
• Ribs (12 pairs); attached to sternum
• Sternum: breastbone
• Vertebral column: formed of 33 vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 2-4 coccygeal). Sacral and coccygeal vertebrae fuse to form sacrum and coccyx.
• Hyoid : a U-shaped bone in the neck
• Appendicular Skeleton components:
  • Bones of the upper limb
  • Bones of the shoulder girdle (scapula & clavicle)
  • Bones of the free upper limb (humerus, radius, ulna, carpal, metacarpal, and phalanges)
  • Bones of the lower limb
  • Bones of the pelvic girdle (hip bone)
  • Bones of the free lower limb (femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal, and phalanges)
• Bone Formation (Ossification):
  • Intramembranous – direct formation from mesenchyme (e.g., clavicle, skullcap, mandible)
  • Endochondral / Intracartilaginous – from a cartilage model (e.g., long bones, vertebrae, ribs, base of skull)
• Bone Shapes:
  • Long bones (2 ends & a shaft),
  • Short bones (e.g., carpals & tarsals)
  • Flat bones (e.g., skull cap, sternum, scapula)
  • Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae, hip bone)
  • Pneumatic bones (air-filled spaces inside some skull bones, e.g., frontal bone, maxilla)
  • Sesamoid bones (develop inside tendons at sites of friction, e.g., patella)
• Structures of a long bone:
  • Epiphysis (ends); covered by hyaline cartilage
  • Diaphysis (shaft); compact bone containing bone marrow; covered by periosteum
  • Metaphysis (between epiphysis and diaphysis); epiphyseal plate of cartilage (growth plate)
• Bone growth occurs in length at the epiphyseal plate and in diameter at the periosteum.
• Bone Functions:
  • Give shape and structure, support movements and weight,
  • Protect organs (skull, ribcage),
  • Store calcium and phosphorus, produce blood elements.

Joints & Muscles

• Joints:

  • The contact between two or more bones.
  • Types:
    • Fibrous (no joint cavity, no movement):
      • Sutures (skull)
      • Gomphoses (teeth)
      • Syndesmoses (inferior tibiofibular joint)
    • Cartilaginous (no joint cavity, little movement):
      • Primary (temporary, e.g., epiphyseal plate)
      • Secondary (permanent, e.g., symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs)
    • Synovial (joint cavity, free movement):
      • Uniaxial (one axis): (e.g., hinge (elbow / knee), pivot (superior radioulnar))
      • Biaxial (two axes): (e.g., condylar (wrist), saddle (carpometacarpal of thumb))
      • Polyaxial (three axes): (ball and socket (shoulder/ hip)), non-axial (sliding)(e.g., superior tibiofibular joint)

• Joint Movements:

  • Flexion (bending)
  • Extension (straightening)
  • Abduction (moving away from midline)
  • Adduction (moving towards midline)
  • Rotation (medial or lateral rotation)
  • Pronation (medial rotation of the forearm; palm to posterior side)
  • Supination (lateral rotation of the forearm; palm to anterior side)

• Muscles:

  • Types:
    • Skeletal (voluntary, striated, multinucleated)
    • Smooth (involuntary, non-striated, single nucleus)
    • Cardiac (involuntary, striated, branched)

• Skeletal Muscle Attachments:

• Origin (proximal, more fixed attachment)

• Insertion (distal, more mobile attachment)

  • To bone, skin, fibrous raphe or cartilage.

• Skeletal Muscle Forms:

  • Parallel fibers: strap-like, strap-like with tendinous intersections, fusiform, quadrilateral.
  • Oblique fibers: unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, circular, spiral, triangular, cruciate.

• Muscle Functions:

  • Movement
  • Posture

Cardiovascular System & Respiratory System

• Cardiovascular System:

  • Components: heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
  • Heart location: medial to the sternum and costal cartilages, between the lungs, extending from the 2nd to 6th ribs.
  • Heart chambers: 2 atria, 2 ventricles
    • Right atrium: receives blood from the vena cava
    • Right ventricle: pumps blood to the lungs
    • Left atrium: receives blood from the pulmonary veins
    • Left ventricle: pumps blood to the body via aorta.
  • Important blood vessels: vena cava (superior and inferior), aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins
  • Valves: pulmonary valve, tricuspid valve, mitral valve, aortic valve.

• Types of Circulations:

  • Systemic circulation (oxygenated blood through body)
  • Pulmonary circulation (deoxygenated blood through lungs)
  • Portal circulation (blood from digestive tract to liver)

• Respiratory System:

  • Components: nose and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.

• Nose:

  • Function: smell, warming, filtering, moistening inspired air

• Pharynx:

  • Nasopharynx: Located behind the nasal cavity.
  • Oropharynx: Located behind the oral cavity.
  • Laryngopharynx: Located behind the larynx.

• Larynx:

  • Cartilages; involved in voice production and pathway of air.
  • Function: passage of air and voice production.

• Trachea (windpipe):

  • C-shaped cartilages; passage for air.

• Bronchi:

  • Right bronchus: wider and more vertical; leading to the right lung.
  • Left bronchus: narrower and more horizontal; leading to the left lung.

• Lungs: - Right lung: larger, wider, shorter, three lobes (upper, middle, lower) and one oblique and one horizontal fissure. - Left lung: smaller, narrower, and longer, two lobes (upper, lower) and one oblique fissure.

Digestive System

• Digestive System:

  • Components: Digestive tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anal canal), digestive glands (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas).

• Mouth Cavity:

  • Contains tongue; mixing food with saliva, taste and speech.
  • Contains teeth; for chewing food

• Pharynx:

  • Site below nasal cavity and Oral cavity; involved in swallowing (food & air)

• Esophagus:

  • Muscular tube that transports food from pharynx to stomach.

• Stomach:

  • Dilation of digestive tract; digestion of food.
  • Parts: Fundus, Body, Pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, Pylorus

• Small Intestine:

  • Duodenum (C-shaped): receives bile and pancreatic enzymes
  • Jejunum; most digestion and absorption takes place here.
  • Ileum; some digestion and absorption takes place here.

• Large Intestine:

  • Absorbs water and minerals;
  • Parts : caecum, appendix, ascending colon, right colic flexure, transverse colon, left colic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, Rectum, anal canal

• Salivary Glands:

• Parotid gland, submandibular gland and Sublingual gland; produce saliva.

• Liver:

  • Largest organ; produces bile for fat digestion.
  • Lobes (right and left)

• Gallbladder:

  • Stores bile.
  • Bile duct (cystic duct + common hepatic duct = common bile duct) connects gallbladder to hepatic duct. (Gall bladder is connected to common bile duct by cystic duct).

• Biliary System :

  • Bile duct network; secretes bile to aid fat digestion

• Pancreas:

  • Mixed gland; endocrine and exocrine functions.
  • Parts: Head, Neck, Body, Tail.
  • Function: secretes pancreatic juice for digestion.