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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the urinary bladder?
What is the primary function of the urinary bladder?
Which structure is responsible for carrying urine outside the body?
Which structure is responsible for carrying urine outside the body?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the testis?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the testis?
What is the main function of the epididymis?
What is the main function of the epididymis?
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Which of the following is part of the male genital system?
Which of the following is part of the male genital system?
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What is the primary function of the left atrium?
What is the primary function of the left atrium?
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Which valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
Which valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
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Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body?
Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body?
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Which structure is correctly matched with its function?
Which structure is correctly matched with its function?
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How many pulmonary veins are connected to the heart?
How many pulmonary veins are connected to the heart?
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Which type of joint connects the roots of teeth to their sockets?
Which type of joint connects the roots of teeth to their sockets?
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What type of joint is characterized by having no joint cavity?
What type of joint is characterized by having no joint cavity?
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Which cartilage type joins bones in a primary cartilaginous joint?
Which cartilage type joins bones in a primary cartilaginous joint?
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What is a key characteristic of secondary cartilaginous joints?
What is a key characteristic of secondary cartilaginous joints?
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Which type of synovial joint allows movement around one axis?
Which type of synovial joint allows movement around one axis?
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What is the primary function of the heart in the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary function of the heart in the cardiovascular system?
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Which of the following describes the type of attachment that is most common for skeletal muscles?
Which of the following describes the type of attachment that is most common for skeletal muscles?
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Which of the following joints is an example of a biaxial joint?
Which of the following joints is an example of a biaxial joint?
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What type of joint connects the lower ends of the tibia and fibula?
What type of joint connects the lower ends of the tibia and fibula?
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What kind of fibers are found in muscles that align parallel to the line of pull?
What kind of fibers are found in muscles that align parallel to the line of pull?
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Which joint type accurately describes the elbow?
Which joint type accurately describes the elbow?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of synovial joints?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of synovial joints?
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What are the joints between the bones of the skull called?
What are the joints between the bones of the skull called?
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Which structure acts as the main site for blood circulation in the cardiovascular system?
Which structure acts as the main site for blood circulation in the cardiovascular system?
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What is the position of the heart in the human body?
What is the position of the heart in the human body?
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Which components are part of the cardiovascular system?
Which components are part of the cardiovascular system?
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What is the primary function of the nose?
What is the primary function of the nose?
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Which of the following describes the trachea?
Which of the following describes the trachea?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for the passage of air into the trachea?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the passage of air into the trachea?
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How do the right and left bronchi differ?
How do the right and left bronchi differ?
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What is the role of the paranasal sinuses?
What is the role of the paranasal sinuses?
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The pharynx connects which of the following structures?
The pharynx connects which of the following structures?
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Which part of the respiratory system consists of 9 cartilages?
Which part of the respiratory system consists of 9 cartilages?
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What defines the functions of the larynx?
What defines the functions of the larynx?
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What bones make up the axial skeleton?
What bones make up the axial skeleton?
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Which of the following is true regarding the vertebral column?
Which of the following is true regarding the vertebral column?
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What is the only movable bone in the skull?
What is the only movable bone in the skull?
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Which bones are located in the shoulder girdle?
Which bones are located in the shoulder girdle?
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Which bone is found medially in the leg?
Which bone is found medially in the leg?
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How many pairs of ribs are present in the human body?
How many pairs of ribs are present in the human body?
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Which of the following correctly describes the appendicular skeleton?
Which of the following correctly describes the appendicular skeleton?
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What bones are included in the bones of the foot?
What bones are included in the bones of the foot?
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Study Notes
Anatomy & Physiology BMS 101
- This course covers anatomical terms related to cartilage and bone.
- Learning objectives include identifying anatomical terms, describing anatomical position, describing cartilage types and locations, classifying the skeleton, and listing bone functions.
- Anatomical position: standing erect, eyes forward, arms straight at sides, palms forward, thumb directed laterally.
- Other positions: supine (lying on back), prone (lying on stomach), lateral decubitus (lying on side).
- Anatomical Directional Terms:
- Anterior (ventral) – in front of
- Posterior (dorsal) – behind
- Medial – nearer to the midline
- Lateral – farther from the midline
- Superior (cranial) – above
- Inferior (caudal) – below
- Proximal – nearer to the point of attachment
- Distal – farther from the point of attachment
- Superficial – toward the surface
- Deep – away from the surface
- Palmar – palm side of hand
- Dorsal – back of hand
- Plantar – sole of foot
- Anatomical Planes:
- Sagittal (median) plane – divides the body into right and left halves
- Paramedian plane – parallel to the median plane, dividing the body into right and left parts
- Coronal (frontal) plane – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
- Transverse (horizontal) plane – divides the body into superior and inferior parts
- Skeleton:
- Composed of 206 bones.
- Classified by position:
- Axial skeleton – bones in the midline of the body -Appendicular skeleton – bones of the limbs and their girdles
- Axial Skeleton components:
- Skull and mandible
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Vertebral column
- Hyoid bone
- Skull : the skeleton of the cranium and face; consists of 21 immovable bones joined at sutures.
- Mandible: the skeleton of the lower jaw; the only movable bone in the head.
- Ribs (12 pairs); attached to sternum
- Sternum: breastbone
- Vertebral column: formed of 33 vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 2-4 coccygeal). Sacral and coccygeal vertebrae fuse to form sacrum and coccyx.
- Hyoid : a U-shaped bone in the neck
- Appendicular Skeleton components:
- Bones of the upper limb
- Bones of the shoulder girdle (scapula & clavicle)
- Bones of the free upper limb (humerus, radius, ulna, carpal, metacarpal, and phalanges)
- Bones of the lower limb
- Bones of the pelvic girdle (hip bone)
- Bones of the free lower limb (femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal, and phalanges)
- Bone Formation (Ossification):
- Intramembranous – direct formation from mesenchyme (e.g., clavicle, skullcap, mandible)
- Endochondral / Intracartilaginous – from a cartilage model (e.g., long bones, vertebrae, ribs, base of skull)
- Bone Shapes:
- Long bones (2 ends & a shaft),
- Short bones (e.g., carpals & tarsals)
- Flat bones (e.g., skull cap, sternum, scapula)
- Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae, hip bone)
- Pneumatic bones (air-filled spaces inside some skull bones, e.g., frontal bone, maxilla)
- Sesamoid bones (develop inside tendons at sites of friction, e.g., patella)
- Structures of a long bone:
- Epiphysis (ends); covered by hyaline cartilage
- Diaphysis (shaft); compact bone containing bone marrow; covered by periosteum
- Metaphysis (between epiphysis and diaphysis); epiphyseal plate of cartilage (growth plate)
- Bone growth occurs in length at the epiphyseal plate and in diameter at the periosteum.
- Bone Functions:
- Give shape and structure, support movements and weight,
- Protect organs (skull, ribcage),
- Store calcium and phosphorus, produce blood elements.
Joints & Muscles
-
Joints:
- The contact between two or more bones.
- Types:
- Fibrous (no joint cavity, no movement):
- Sutures (skull)
- Gomphoses (teeth)
- Syndesmoses (inferior tibiofibular joint)
- Cartilaginous (no joint cavity, little movement):
- Primary (temporary, e.g., epiphyseal plate)
- Secondary (permanent, e.g., symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs)
- Synovial (joint cavity, free movement):
- Uniaxial (one axis): (e.g., hinge (elbow / knee), pivot (superior radioulnar))
- Biaxial (two axes): (e.g., condylar (wrist), saddle (carpometacarpal of thumb))
- Polyaxial (three axes): (ball and socket (shoulder/ hip)), non-axial (sliding)(e.g., superior tibiofibular joint)
- Fibrous (no joint cavity, no movement):
-
Joint Movements:
- Flexion (bending)
- Extension (straightening)
- Abduction (moving away from midline)
- Adduction (moving towards midline)
- Rotation (medial or lateral rotation)
- Pronation (medial rotation of the forearm; palm to posterior side)
- Supination (lateral rotation of the forearm; palm to anterior side)
-
Muscles:
- Types:
- Skeletal (voluntary, striated, multinucleated)
- Smooth (involuntary, non-striated, single nucleus)
- Cardiac (involuntary, striated, branched)
- Types:
-
Skeletal Muscle Attachments:
-
Origin (proximal, more fixed attachment)
-
Insertion (distal, more mobile attachment)
- To bone, skin, fibrous raphe or cartilage.
-
Skeletal Muscle Forms:
- Parallel fibers: strap-like, strap-like with tendinous intersections, fusiform, quadrilateral.
- Oblique fibers: unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, circular, spiral, triangular, cruciate.
-
Muscle Functions:
- Movement
- Posture
Cardiovascular System & Respiratory System
-
Cardiovascular System:
- Components: heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
- Heart location: medial to the sternum and costal cartilages, between the lungs, extending from the 2nd to 6th ribs.
- Heart chambers: 2 atria, 2 ventricles
- Right atrium: receives blood from the vena cava
- Right ventricle: pumps blood to the lungs
- Left atrium: receives blood from the pulmonary veins
- Left ventricle: pumps blood to the body via aorta.
- Important blood vessels: vena cava (superior and inferior), aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins
- Valves: pulmonary valve, tricuspid valve, mitral valve, aortic valve.
-
Types of Circulations:
- Systemic circulation (oxygenated blood through body)
- Pulmonary circulation (deoxygenated blood through lungs)
- Portal circulation (blood from digestive tract to liver)
-
Respiratory System:
- Components: nose and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
-
Nose:
- Function: smell, warming, filtering, moistening inspired air
-
Pharynx:
- Nasopharynx: Located behind the nasal cavity.
- Oropharynx: Located behind the oral cavity.
- Laryngopharynx: Located behind the larynx.
-
Larynx:
- Cartilages; involved in voice production and pathway of air.
- Function: passage of air and voice production.
-
Trachea (windpipe):
- C-shaped cartilages; passage for air.
-
Bronchi:
- Right bronchus: wider and more vertical; leading to the right lung.
- Left bronchus: narrower and more horizontal; leading to the left lung.
-
Lungs: - Right lung: larger, wider, shorter, three lobes (upper, middle, lower) and one oblique and one horizontal fissure. - Left lung: smaller, narrower, and longer, two lobes (upper, lower) and one oblique fissure.
Digestive System
-
Digestive System:
- Components: Digestive tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anal canal), digestive glands (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas).
-
Mouth Cavity:
- Contains tongue; mixing food with saliva, taste and speech.
- Contains teeth; for chewing food
-
Pharynx:
- Site below nasal cavity and Oral cavity; involved in swallowing (food & air)
-
Esophagus:
- Muscular tube that transports food from pharynx to stomach.
-
Stomach:
- Dilation of digestive tract; digestion of food.
- Parts: Fundus, Body, Pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, Pylorus
-
Small Intestine:
- Duodenum (C-shaped): receives bile and pancreatic enzymes
- Jejunum; most digestion and absorption takes place here.
- Ileum; some digestion and absorption takes place here.
-
Large Intestine:
- Absorbs water and minerals;
- Parts : caecum, appendix, ascending colon, right colic flexure, transverse colon, left colic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, Rectum, anal canal
-
Salivary Glands:
-
Parotid gland, submandibular gland and Sublingual gland; produce saliva.
-
Liver:
- Largest organ; produces bile for fat digestion.
- Lobes (right and left)
-
Gallbladder:
- Stores bile.
- Bile duct (cystic duct + common hepatic duct = common bile duct) connects gallbladder to hepatic duct. (Gall bladder is connected to common bile duct by cystic duct).
-
Biliary System :
- Bile duct network; secretes bile to aid fat digestion
-
Pancreas:
- Mixed gland; endocrine and exocrine functions.
- Parts: Head, Neck, Body, Tail.
- Function: secretes pancreatic juice for digestion.
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Description
This quiz focuses on key anatomical terms related to cartilage and bone, including identification and classification of various anatomical positions and directional terms. Students will learn about the skeletal system's functions and its anatomical terminology crucial for proper understanding in the field.
