Bone Physiology and Functions Quiz

The process of bone formation that starts with a cartilage model, which is gradually replaced by bone tissue.

A type of joint where bones are connected by dense connective tissue and allow little to no movement.

A strong, fibrous joint found between the bones of the skull.

A type of joint where a peg fits into a socket, such as teeth in their sockets.

A joint where bones are connected by a ligament, allowing slight movement.

The process of bone formation that begins with mesenchymal cells differentiating into osteoblasts, which secrete bone matrix.

The process of bone resorption and formation that helps maintain bone strength and mineral balance.

The inactive stage of bone remodelling where no activity occurs.

Bones provide a rigid framework that supports the body and maintains its shape. This structural support is crucial for posture and the attachment of muscles, which facilitate movement.

Bones protect vital organs by forming hard barriers. Examples include the skull protecting the brain, the rib cage protecting the heart and lungs, and the vertebrae shielding the spinal cord.

Bones act as levers that muscles pull on to produce movement. Joints, where bones meet, allow for a range of motions, making skeletal movement possible.

Bones store essential minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus, which can be released into the bloodstream as needed to maintain mineral balance and support physiological processes like nerve conduction and muscle contraction.

The yellow marrow found in the medullary cavities of long bones stores triglycerides, which serve as an energy reserve for the body.

The red marrow within certain bones is responsible for haematopoiesis, the process of producing blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Long bones are longer than they are wide, these bones function primarily as levers. Examples include the femur and humerus.

These bones have complex shapes that do not fit into other categories. Examples include the vertebrae and some facial bones.

These small canals connect lacunae to each other and to the Haversian canal, allowing for nutrient and waste exchange.

These transverse canals connect different Haversian canals, providing additional routes for blood vessels and nerves.

This is the most movable type of joint, allowing for movement in all three planes.

This stage in bone remodeling involves osteoblast activity, where new bone matrix is built.

Osteoporosis is a condition where bone resorption by osteoclasts outpaces bone formation by osteoblasts, leading to decreased bone density and increased fracture risk.

Treatments for osteoporosis focus on slowing bone loss and promoting bone formation. This includes calcium and vitamin D supplementation, weight-bearing exercises, and medications that reduce osteoclast activity.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane surrounding joints. This inflammation leads to cartilage and bone erosion, causing pain, swelling, and joint stiffness.

Treatments aim to reduce inflammation, slow joint damage, and improve function. Medications like anti-inflammatory drugs and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are used, as well as physical therapy for joint support.

Large, valveless veins found within the spongy bone of the skull. They drain blood from cranial bones and connect to the brain's venous sinuses.

The basic structural unit of compact bone. It includes concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae surrounding a central Haversian canal.

The central canal of each osteon, containing blood vessels and nerves that supply bone cells.

Horizontal canals connecting adjacent Haversian canals, allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass between osteons.

Small channels extending from lacunae, connecting osteocytes within lamellae. They facilitate nutrient and waste exchange between osteocytes and blood vessels.

Precursor cells that differentiate into osteoblasts. Found in the periosteum and endosteum, crucial for bone growth and repair.

Bone-forming cells responsible for synthesizing and secreting bone matrix. They differentiate into osteocytes when trapped in the matrix.

Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix. They live in lacunae and communicate with each other and the bone surface via canaliculi.

A joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage, such as the epiphyseal plates in growing bones.

A joint where bones are connected by fibrocartilage, allowing slight movement, such as the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs.

The most movable type of joint, characterized by a fluid-filled joint cavity.

Allow movement in one plane, such as flexion and extension. Examples include the elbow and knee.

Allow sliding or gliding movements, such as those found in the carpals of the wrist.

Allow rotational movement around a single axis, such as the atlantoaxial joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae.

Allow movement in two planes, such as flexion-extension and abduction-adduction. An example is the thumb joint (carpometacarpal joint).

Allow movement in two planes without rotation, such as the wrist joint.

Allow movement in multiple planes and rotation, such as the shoulder and hip joints.

Bending and straightening movements that decrease or increase the angle between two bones.

Movements away from or toward the midline of the body.

Movement around a central axis.

A circular movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Rotational movements of the forearm; supination turns the palm upward, while pronation turns it downward.

Movements of the foot; inversion turns the sole inward, while eversion turns it outward.

Movements of the foot at the ankle; dorsiflexion raises the foot upward, while plantarflexion lowers it.