Bone Anatomy and Functions

To shield the heart and lungs

To supply calcium to the muscular and nervous systems when blood calcium levels are low

By serving as attachment sites for skeletal muscles and altering the direction and magnitude of forces generated by these muscles

<p>To enclose and protect the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To serve as a framework for the entire body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To cradle urinary and reproductive organs, as well as the terminal end of the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By protecting delicate tissues and organs, including the brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a site for blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The diaphysis provides for the leverage and major weight support of a long bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps reduce friction and absorb shock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides for the continued lengthwise growth of the bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It protects the bone from surrounding structures, anchors blood vessels and nerves, and serves as an attachment site for ligaments and tendons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long bones have a medullary cavity, while short, flat, and irregular bones do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a region of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It transfers forces between the diaphysis and the epiphysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A thin, defined area of compact bone called the epiphyseal line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In children, red bone marrow is more widely distributed, whereas in adults, it is primarily found in selected portions of the axial skeleton and proximal epiphyses of long bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forming blood cells of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yellow bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nutrient foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone matrix formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Periosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone matrix resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osseous connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To replace abnormal functioning red bone marrow with healthy donor marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent the immune system from attacking the transplanted tissue as foreign</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They develop into osteoblasts, which mature to become osteocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesize and secrete osteoid, the initial semisolid organic form of bone matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By detecting mechanical stress on a bone and signaling osteoblasts to deposit new bone matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To break down and resorb bone matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fused bone marrow cells similar to those that produce monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resorption lacuna (Howship's lacuna)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In both the periosteum and endosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissolves the mineral parts (calcium and phosphate crystals) of the bone matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concentric lamellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Canaliculi are tiny, interconnecting channels that extend from each lacuna, through the lamellae, and connect to other lacunae and the central canal, allowing for the exchange of nutrients, minerals, gases, and wastes between osteocytes and blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteocytes maintain the bone matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perforating canals help connect multiple central canals within different osteons, forming a channel for vascular and innervation connections among multiple osteons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The collagen fibers in adjacent lamellae are oriented at an angle that is 90 degrees different from both the previous and the next lamellae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Circumferential lamellae are rings of bone immediately internal to the periosteum of the bone (external circumferential lamellae) or immediately external to the endosteum (internal circumferential lamellae).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central canal is a cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon and runs parallel to it, containing blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The alternating pattern of collagen fiber direction in adjacent lamellae within an osteon gives bone part of its strength and resilience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The alternating pattern of collagen fiber direction in adjacent lamellae within an osteon gives bone part of its strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary source of oxygen and nutrients for cartilage is the blood vessels in the perichondrium, which supply them to the cartilage cells through diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main differences are that bone connective tissue is formed by osteoblasts, has osteocytes as the mature cell type, has calcium present in the matrix, and has an extensive blood supply, whereas hyaline cartilage connective tissue is formed by chondroblasts, has chondrocytes as the mature cell type, does not have calcium present in the matrix, and is avascular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cells that form the matrix of bone are osteoblasts, whereas the cells that form the matrix of hyaline cartilage are chondroblasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mature bone tissue has an extensive blood supply, whereas hyaline cartilage tissue is avascular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mature cell type of bone is the osteocyte, whereas the mature cell type of hyaline cartilage is the chondrocyte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compact bone contains osteons with a central canal, whereas spongy bone lacks osteons and has a lattice-like structure of trabeculae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nutrients reach osteocytes in spongy bone through diffusion via cytoplasmic processes that extend within canaliculi, which open onto the surfaces of trabeculae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The perichondrium helps maintain the shape of hyaline cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The high water content makes hyaline cartilage highly compressible, allowing it to function as a good shock absorber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chondroblasts produce the cartilage matrix, whereas chondrocytes are mature cartilage cells that maintain the matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ground substance in hyaline cartilage is similar to that of bone, but lacks calcium, and contains proteoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An osteon is composed of concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal, with osteocytes in lacunae between the lamellae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interstitial lamellae are components of compact bone between osteons or leftover parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed, and they often lack a central canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spongy bone is composed of an open lattice of trabeculae, and it provides great resistance to stresses applied in many directions by distributing the stress throughout the entire framework.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Canaliculi are small channels that allow for the diffusion of nutrients and waste products between osteocytes in lacunae and the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium and phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patella (kneecap)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provide extensive surface areas for muscle attachment and protect underlying soft tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vertebrae, ossa coxae (hip bones), ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide oxygen and nutrients to the bone cells and remove waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Periosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The term is bone resorption, and it is significant in maintaining bone health by removing old or damaged bone tissue and allowing for new bone growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteitis deformans is a bone disorder characterized by excessive bone resorption followed by excessive bone deposition, resulting in poorly formed and unstable bone. It is also known as Paget disease of bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoid is composed of collagen and a semisolid ground substance of proteoglycans and glycoproteins. It provides tensile strength to bone by resisting stretching and twisting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydroxyapatite is a type of calcium phosphate crystal that deposits around collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix, hardening the matrix and providing compressional strength to bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcification is the process of hydroxyapatite crystal deposition in the bone matrix. It requires calcium ions, phosphate ions, vitamin D, and vitamin C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoclasts break down old or damaged bone tissue, while osteoblasts deposit new bone tissue. This balance of bone resorption and formation maintains bone health and allows for repair and remodeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal protein composition can result in brittle bones, while insufficient calcium can lead to soft bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoblasts secrete osteoid, which is composed of collagen and ground substance, and initiate calcification by depositing hydroxyapatite crystals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, while vitamin C is required for collagen formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The correct proportion of organic and inorganic substances allows bone to function optimally, providing both tensile strength and compressional strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers