Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the rib cage in the human body?
To shield the heart and lungs
What is the significance of calcium reserves in the skeletal system?
To supply calcium to the muscular and nervous systems when blood calcium levels are low
How do bones contribute to movement in the human body?
By serving as attachment sites for skeletal muscles and altering the direction and magnitude of forces generated by these muscles
What is the primary function of the vertebrae in the human body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of bones in providing structural support to the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the pelvic bone in the human body?
Signup and view all the answers
How do bones support the nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of bones in hematopoiesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of the diaphysis in a long bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of bone marrow is present in the medullary cavity of children?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the articular cartilage in a movable joint?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the epiphyseal plate responsible for in a growing bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the periosteum?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the endosteum?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between the gross anatomic structure of long bones and short, flat, and irregular bones?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the diploë in a flat bone of the skull?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the metaphysis responsible for in a long bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate in adults?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference in the location of red bone marrow between children and adults?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of red bone marrow?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the fatty-appearing substance that replaces red bone marrow in adults?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the opening or hole in the bone through which blood vessels enter and exit?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of nerves accompany blood vessels through the nutrient foramen?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the soft connective tissue of bone that includes both red and yellow bone marrow?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the process of forming bone matrix?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the layer of bone that covers the diaphysis of a long bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the process of breaking down bone matrix?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the type of connective tissue that comprises bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of bone marrow transplantation in individuals with leukemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is it essential to 'match' donor and recipient bone marrow, just like blood types?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of osteoprogenitor cells in the skeletal system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of osteoblasts in bone connective tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
How do osteocytes maintain the bone matrix?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of osteoclasts in bone connective tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
From which cells are osteoclasts derived?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the depression or pit on the bone surface where osteoclasts are often located?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are osteoprogenitor cells typically located in the bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the initial semisolid organic form of bone matrix produced by osteoblasts?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in bone resorption?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main component of an osteon that surrounds the central canal and forms the bulk of the osteon?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of canaliculi in bone tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of osteocytes in bone tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of perforating (Volkmann) canals in compact bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the orientation of collagen fibers in adjacent lamellae in an osteon?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of circumferential lamellae in compact bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the central canal of an osteon composed of?
Signup and view all the answers
How do osteons contribute to the overall strength and resilience of bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between the direction of collagen fibers in adjacent lamellae and the strength of bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary source of oxygen and nutrients for cartilage, and how do they reach the cartilage cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the main differences between the connective tissue of bone and hyaline cartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
How do the cells that form the matrix of bone and hyaline cartilage differ?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference in the blood supply of mature bone tissue and hyaline cartilage tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
How do the mature cell types of bone and hyaline cartilage differ?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between compact bone and spongy bone in terms of osteon structure?
Signup and view all the answers
How do nutrients reach osteocytes in spongy bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the perichondrium in hyaline cartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the high water content in hyaline cartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between chondroblasts and chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of the ground substance in hyaline cartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the structure of an osteon in compact bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What are interstitial lamellae, and what is their characteristic?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the structure of spongy bone, and what is its function?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of canaliculi in compact bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process of forming blood cells and platelets from stem cells called?
Signup and view all the answers
What two minerals are stored in bone and released into the blood when needed?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the four classes of bones classified by shape?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of bone has an elongated, cylindrical shaft and is found in the upper and lower limbs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of flat bones in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What are some examples of irregular bones in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of blood vessels and nerves that serve a bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the innermost layer of tissue that lines the medullary cavity of a long bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the outermost layer of tissue that lines the external surface of a long bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the process by which osteoclasts break down bone, and what is its significance in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is osteitis deformans, and what are its characteristic features?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the composition of osteoid, and what is its role in bone structure?
Signup and view all the answers
What is hydroxyapatite, and how does it contribute to bone structure?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process of calcification, and what are the essential substances required for it?
Signup and view all the answers
How do osteoclasts and osteoblasts work together to maintain bone health?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of abnormal protein or mineral composition in the bone matrix?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of osteoblasts in bone formation, and what substances do they secrete?
Signup and view all the answers
How does vitamin D contribute to bone health, and what other vitamin is essential for collagen formation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the correct proportion of organic and inorganic substances in the bone matrix?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Functions of Bone
- Support and protection: bones provide structural support and serve as a framework for the entire body, protecting many delicate tissues and organs from injury and trauma
- Levers for movement: bones serve as attachment sites for skeletal muscles, other soft tissues, and some organs, and alter the direction and magnitude of the forces generated by the skeletal muscles
- Hematopoiesis: red bone marrow connective tissue contains stem cells that form blood cells and platelets
- Storage of mineral and energy reserves: bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphate, and lipids for energy release
Classification of Bones
- Long bones: greater in length than width, with an elongated, cylindrical shaft (diaphysis), found in upper and lower limbs
- Short bones: nearly equal in length and width, found in wrist (carpals) and foot (tarsals), and include sesamoid bones
- Flat bones: thin, flat surfaces, found in the skull, scapulae, sternum, and ribs
- Irregular bones: complex shapes, found in vertebrae, ossa coxae (hip bones), and some bones in the skull
Gross Anatomy of Bones
- Long bones:
- Diaphysis (shaft): composed of compact bone, with a hollow, cylindrical space called the medullary cavity
- Epiphysis (knobby region): composed of compact bone and spongy bone, found at each end of the bone
- Metaphysis (region of bone widening): connects the diaphysis and epiphysis
- Periosteum (tough sheath): covers the outer surface, with a fibrous layer and a cellular layer that includes osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
- Endosteum (thin layer): lines the medullary cavity, with osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
- Short, flat, and irregular bones:
- Compact bone on the surface
- Spongy bone on the inside
- No medullary cavity
Blood Supply and Innervation of Bone
- Blood vessels enter bones from the periosteum, with one nutrient artery and one nutrient vein
- Nerves innervate the bone, periosteum, endosteum, and marrow cavity, transmitting nerve impulses when the skeleton is injured
Bone Marrow
- Red bone marrow (myeloid tissue): contains reticular connective tissue, developing blood cells, and adipocytes, found in flat bones of the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and ossa coaxe in adults
- Yellow bone marrow: found in medullary cavities of long bones and inner core of most epiphyses in adults, with a decrease in developing blood cells and an increase in adipocytes
Bone Cells
- Osteoprogenitor cells: stem cells derived from mesenchyme, found in periosteum and endosteum
- Osteoblasts: formed from osteoprogenitor cells, synthesize and secrete osteoid, and differentiate into osteocytes
- Osteocytes: mature bone cells, maintain the bone matrix, and detect mechanical stress on a bone
- Osteoclasts: large, multinuclear, phagocytic cells, break down bone in the process of bone resorption, derived from fused bone marrow cells
Bone Matrix
- Organic component: osteoid, produced by osteoblasts, composed of collagen and a semisolid ground substance of proteoglycans and glycoproteins
- Inorganic component: salt crystals, primarily calcium phosphate, that form hydroxyapatite crystals, which give bone hardness and rigidity### Bone Matrix: Its Formation and Resorption
- Bone formation begins with osteoblasts secreting osteoid, which is then calcified with hydroxyapatite crystals to form bone matrix.
- Calcification requires calcium and phosphate ions, as well as vitamins D and C.
- Bone resorption, the destruction of bone matrix, occurs when osteoclasts release substances that break down collagen fibers and dissolve calcium and phosphate crystals.
Compact Bone Microscopic Anatomy
- Compact bone is composed of osteons, which are the basic functional and structural units of mature compact bone.
- Each osteon has a central (Haversian) canal, concentric lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, and osteocytes.
- The central canal contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone.
- Concentric lamellae are rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal and form the bulk of the osteon.
- Lacunae are small spaces that house osteocytes, which maintain the bone matrix.
- Canaliculi are tiny, interconnecting channels within the bone connective tissue that permit intercellular contact and communication.
Spongy Bone Microscopic Anatomy
- Spongy bone contains no osteons, but instead has an open lattice structure composed of trabeculae (narrow rods and plates of bone).
- Trabeculae provide great resistance to stresses applied in many directions by distributing the stress throughout the entire framework.
- Bone marrow fills in between the trabeculae.
- Osteocytes rest in lacunae between adjacent lamellae, with canaliculi radiating from the lacunae.
Bone Matrix Composition
- Bone matrix is composed of both organic and inorganic substances.
- Organic substances include collagen fibers and proteoglycans, such as chondroitin sulfate.
- Inorganic substances include calcium and phosphate crystals.
Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue
- Hyaline cartilage contains a population of cells scattered throughout a matrix of protein fibers (primarily collagen) embedded within a gel-like ground substance.
- The ground substance includes proteoglycans, such as chondroitin sulfate, but does not include calcium.
- Hyaline cartilage is both resilient and flexible, and its high water content (60% to 70% by weight) makes it compressible and a good shock absorber.
- Chondroblasts produce the cartilage matrix, and once encased within the matrix, they become chondrocytes that maintain the matrix.
- Hyaline cartilage is avascular and contains no nerves, and nutrients and oxygen are supplied by diffusion from blood vessels in the perichondrium.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Learn about the general functions, classification, gross anatomy, and histology of bones, including their structure and composition.