Bone Marrow Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of reticular cells in the marrow spaces?

  • To regulate appetite and insulin sensitivity
  • To secrete hormones to regulate the thyroid glands
  • To provide structural support by producing reticulin and cytoplasmic processes (correct)
  • To store energy

    • What is the role of adipocytes in the marrow environment?

  • To provide structural support to hematopoietic cells
  • To store or provide energy and regulate the marrow environment (correct)
  • To secrete hormones to regulate bone mass
  • To regulate the cardiovascular and immune systems

    • What type of collagen is produced by reticular cells?

  • Type II collagen
  • Type III collagen
  • Reticulin (correct)
  • Type I collagen

    • What is the term for adipose-derived hormones secreted by adipocytes?

    <p>Adipokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the hematopoietic cells and adipose tissue in the marrow?

    <p>Changes with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the osteogenic layer of endosteal cells in the periosteum?

    <p>To support bone growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the network of stromal cells and extracellular matrix that provides support to hematopoietic cells?

    <p>Stromal scaffolding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stains are used to visualize reticulin and cytoplasmic processes in the marrow?

    <p>Silver reticulin stains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of macrophages in the bone marrow?

    <p>To store iron and aid in erythrocyte maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the vessels that arise from the periosteal arteries and penetrate the cortical bone?

    <p>Periosteal vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the total marrow space do adipocytes constitute?

    <p>25% to 75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which hematopoietic cells enter vascular sinusoids?

    <p>Diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of stromal cells in the bone marrow?

    <p>To provide structural and metabolic support to hematopoietic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cells that line vascular sinusoids and release cytoplasmic fragments (platelets) into sinusoidal lumens?

    <p>Megakaryocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of osteoblasts in the bone marrow?

    <p>To structurally support the marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do chemokines influence in the bone marrow?

    <p>Cell trafficking and metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sinusoidal endothelial cells?

    <p>To regulate traffic of chemicals and particles between the intravascular and extravascular spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hematopoiesis occur in the bone marrow?

    <p>In the interstitium between the venous sinusoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the extracellular matrix in the hematopoietic microenvironment?

    <p>To regulate the behavior of hematopoietic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of hematopoietic tissue?

    <p>It is highly proliferative and produces billions of cells per kilogram of body weight per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)?

    <p>To give rise to cells with committed differentiation programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of hematopoietic differentiation shown in?

    <p>Fig. 13.2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe cells in the bone marrow that have stopped dividing?

    <p>Postmitotic compartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional interplay among hematopoietic cells influenced by?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary regulator of thrombopoiesis?

    <p>Thrombopoietin (Tpo)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of β1-tubulin microtubules within megakaryocytes?

    <p>Platelet shedding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to thrombopoietin when platelet mass is increased?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the production of platelets?

    <p>Thrombopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of platelet activation?

    <p>Shape change and granule release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of platelets in primary hemostasis?

    <p>Central role in primary hemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of megakaryocytes?

    <p>Large cells with multiple nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released by activated platelets, which supports coagulation?

    <p>Calcium and von Willebrand factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of platelet glycoprotein surface receptors?

    <p>To facilitate platelet aggregation and adherence to subendothelial collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following coagulation complexes involves factors X, V, and II?

    <p>Prothrombinase complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the decreased concentration of blood lymphocytes with age?

    <p>Increased destruction of lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of platelet formation?

    <p>Thrombopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the open canalicular system in platelets?

    <p>To expand the surface area of platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of examination of the bone marrow that involves the visualization of reticulin and cytoplasmic processes?

    <p>Microscopic examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of disease in bone marrow?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the formation and development of blood cells?

    <p>Hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of marrow-directed injury or disturbances in hematopoietic cells?

    <p>Production of abnormal hematopoietic cells (dysplasia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is bone marrow not routinely sampled during postmortem examinations?

    <p>It is not necessary for diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a decrease in hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow?

    <p>Hypoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal approach for evaluating bone marrow?

    <p>Multimodal evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for bone marrow evaluation in cases of suspected leukemia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between hypoplasia in the bone marrow and non-marrow sites?

    <p>Hypoplasia is used to describe a decrease in production after normal development in the bone marrow, but a failure of initial development in non-marrow sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a failure of hematopoietic cell development in the bone marrow?

    <p>Aplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of extramarrow tissue-directed injury or disturbances in hematopoietic cells?

    <p>Production of fewer hematopoietic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of neutrophils in animals with leukocyte adhesion deficiency?

    <p>Migrate into the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the anomaly in which the nuclei of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils fail to segment?

    <p>Pelger-Huët Anomaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average blood half-life of neutrophils in health?

    <p>5 to 10 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of oxidative injury in domestic species?

    <p>Hemolytic anemia and/or MetHgb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical appearance of bone marrow in cases of pancytopenia?

    <p>Hypocellular with markedly reduced hematopoietic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition that mimics Pelger-Huët Anomaly, but is acquired and reversible?

    <p>Pseudo–Pelger-Huët anomaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of neutrophils in healthy animals with Pelger-Huët Anomaly?

    <p>Hyposegmented nuclei with mature, condensed chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disorder characterized by the accumulation of porphyrins in the body?

    <p>Erythropoietic Porphyria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the formation and development of blood cells?

    <p>Hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of granulocytes in Pelger-Huët Anomaly?

    <p>Hyposegmented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells replace hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow of individuals with pancytopenia?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of G6PD deficiency in erythrocytes?

    <p>Oxidative injury and hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary manifestation of G6PD deficiency in erythrocytes?

    <p>Oxidative hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of marrow-directed injury or disturbances in hematopoietic cells?

    <p>Aplastic Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) is characterized by a deficiency in which integrin?

    <p>β2 (CD18)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the section that focuses on the more common, well-characterized, or recently reported congenital disorders of blood cells?

    <p>Congenital Disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the production of platelets?

    <p>Thrombopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of platelet circulation in the blood?

    <p>5-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of blood neutrophils in Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency?

    <p>Segmented with more than five nuclear segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the development of signs of anemia?

    <p>Variable appearance of anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of inheritance of Pelger-Huët Anomaly in Australian Shepherd dogs?

    <p>Autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of impaired leukocyte adhesion in Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency?

    <p>Impaired migration from blood into tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency?

    <p>Recurrent infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of G6PD deficiency in erythrocytes?

    <p>Oxidative hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Structure and Function of Bone Marrow

    • Bone marrow is supported by an anastomosing network of trabecular bone that radiates centrally from the compact bone of the cortex
    • Trabecular bone is covered by periosteum, consisting of an inner osteogenic layer of endosteal cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, and an outer fibrous layer
    • Reticular cells (fibroblasts) provide structural support to hematopoietic cells by producing a fine network of reticulin and extending long cytoplasmic processes around other cells and structures
    • Adipocytes store or provide energy, secrete adipose-derived hormones (adipokines), and help regulate the marrow environment by paracrine signaling and cytokine secretion

    Hematopoietic Compartment

    • Erythroid and myeloid precursors (hematopoietic cells) undergo differentiation and maturation in marrow spaces before their release into vascular sinusoids
    • Hematopoietic cells enter vascular sinusoids via diapedesis or proplatelet shearing
    • Trabecular bone structurally supports the marrow
    • Osteoblasts produce trabecular bone
    • Endothelial cells sit on a basal lamina and separate the vascular sinusoidal lumens from marrow hematopoietic and stromal cells

    Megakaryocytes and Platelet Production

    • Megakaryocytes line vascular sinusoids and release cytoplasmic fragments (platelets) into sinusoidal lumens
    • Thrombopoiesis refers to the production of platelets
    • Thrombopoietin (Tpo) is the primary regulator of thrombopoiesis
    • Platelets circulate in a quiescent form and become activated by binding platelet agonists, such as thrombin, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and thromboxane

    Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Differentiation

    • Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are self-renewing and give rise to cells with committed differentiation programs
    • Hematopoietic cells undergo sequential divisions as they develop, resulting in progressively higher numbers of cells as they mature
    • Cells also continue to mature after they have stopped dividing
    • Hematopoietic cells can be conceptually divided into mitotic and postmitotic compartments

    Bone Marrow Diseases and Disorders

    • Bone marrow disease can result from hypoplasia, hyperplasia, dysplasia, aplasia, or neoplasia
    • Blood cells can be affected by hemorrhage, consumption, neoplasia, altered distribution, or abnormal function
    • Bone marrow evaluation is indicated in cases of suspected leukemia, metastatic neoplasia, infectious myelitis, or cytopenia(s) of unknown cause
    • Multimodal evaluation, including gross and microscopic examination, complete blood count, and additional tests, is ideal for diagnosing bone marrow diseases

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    Related Documents

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    Hematopoietic Dysfunction PDF
    Multiple Diseases Hematopoietic PDF

    Description

    Learn about the structure and function of bone marrow, including the trabecular bone and periosteum.

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