Bone Marrow Structure and Function

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Questions and Answers

The study of joints is known as ______.

arthrology

There are ______ different types of joints.

three

[Blank] cartilage is the most abundant of the cartilages and is found in joints.

Hyaline

Cartilage is a type of ______ connective tissue.

flexible Signup and view all the answers

Fibrous joints are connected by ______ fibrous connective tissue.

dense Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] marrow is responsible for blood cell production.

Red Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is referred to as a breakage in bone due to injury/stress or disease.

fracture Signup and view all the answers

Red marrow produces approximately ______ billion red blood cells each day.

200 Signup and view all the answers

The skeletal muscle is also known as ______ muscle.

skeletal Signup and view all the answers

The ______ skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

axial Signup and view all the answers

Bones provide ______ for the body and its cavities.

support Signup and view all the answers

Osteoblasts are responsible for laying down ______ and forming the bone matrix.

bone Signup and view all the answers

The ______ component of bones is represented by osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.

cellular Signup and view all the answers

The ______ bone is the outer dense layer that gives bone its smooth, white, and solid appearance.

compact Signup and view all the answers

Osteoclasts reabsorb ______ and release calcium and phosphates.

bone Signup and view all the answers

The muscles, tendons, and ligaments work together to provide ______ for movement.

mechanical basis Signup and view all the answers

Skull ______ gradually ossify from within outwards.

sutures Signup and view all the answers

The ______ ligaments are found between forearm and leg bones.

interosseous Signup and view all the answers

In ______ joints, the bones are connected by cartilage.

cartilaginous Signup and view all the answers

Primary cartilaginous joints are found in all growing bones where the ______ meets its epiphyseal plate.

shaft Signup and view all the answers

In secondary cartilaginous joints, the bones are united by ______ cartilage.

fibro Signup and view all the answers

Synovial joints are characterized by a ______ space between the bones.

synovial Signup and view all the answers

The ______ membrane in synovial joints secretes the synovial fluid.

synovial Signup and view all the answers

There are ______ different types of synovial joints.

6 Signup and view all the answers

Muscle tissue constitutes about ______________ one's body weight

half Signup and view all the answers

Muscles provide several functions, including ______________ and maintenance of posture

motion Signup and view all the answers

Muscle cells have the characteristic of ______________ - ability to receive and respond to stimuli

excitability Signup and view all the answers

The spherical end of one bone fits into a concave socket of another in a ______________ joint

ball and socket Signup and view all the answers

In a ______________ joint, opposed usually flat surfaces glide across each other

gliding Signup and view all the answers

The rounded part of one bone fits into the groove of another in a ______________ joint

pivot Signup and view all the answers

The concave surfaces of 2 bones articulate with each other in a ______________ joint

saddle Signup and view all the answers

Muscles provide the function of ______________, which can be obvious or not obvious

motion Signup and view all the answers

Flat bones are mostly thin, ______, and usually curved

flattened Signup and view all the answers

Flat bones contain two parallel layers of compact bones surrounding a layer of ______ bone

spongy Signup and view all the answers

Examples of flat bones include most of the ______ bones, scapula, sternum, and sacrum

skull Signup and view all the answers

Irregular bones do not fit into any of the other ______ categories

bone Signup and view all the answers

The process or development of bone tissue is called ______ or osteogenesis

ossification Signup and view all the answers

During the development of the foetus, there are 3 ______ layers present, namely; endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

germ Signup and view all the answers

Sesamoid bones are small, rounded, and unique types of bones that are embedded in ______ tendons where the tendon passes over a joint

muscle Signup and view all the answers

The largest sesamoid bone in the body is the ______, but several other smaller sesamoid bones can be found in the hand and foot

patella Signup and view all the answers

What is the wavelength range of X-rays?

10 to 0.01 nm Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of X-rays in diagnostic radiography and crystallography?

To take images of the inside of an object Signup and view all the answers

What appears black on an X-ray?

Air Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fluoroscopy?

To obtain real-time moving images of the internal structure and function of a patient Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of radio-contrast agents in fluoroscopy?

To administer a radiocontrast agent to the patient by swallowing or injecting Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of interventional radiology?

To perform minimally invasive treatments using image guidance Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of X-rays in bone imaging?

To image bones and detect bone fractures Signup and view all the answers

What is the equipment used for bone X-rays?

An X-ray tube suspended over a table Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of dense bone absorbing X-rays?

Bones appear white on the X-ray Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of conventional chest X-rays?

To image the lungs and heart of the chest Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an angioplasty procedure?

To treat a narrowed or blocked artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of an angiogram?

A special radio-opaque dye Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a venogram?

To look at the condition of your veins and the valves in your veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoblasts?

Laying down bone tissue and forming the bone matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of computer tomography (CT)?

A ring-shaped apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a spiral multi-detector CT?

To produce detailed images in quick time Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ultrasound?

To visualize soft tissue in the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a stent?

To support a weakened artery wall Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a catheter?

To pass a balloon into an artery to treat a narrowed or blocked artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a gastrostomy tube?

To provide a means of feeding when a patient is unable to eat normally Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of computed tomography (CT) scans?

To produce detailed cross-sectional images of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of injecting a special radio-opaque dye during an angiogram?

To take x-ray pictures of the blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between an angioplasty and an angiogram?

An angioplasty is used to treat blockages, while an angiogram is used to diagnose them Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a venogram?

To visualize the condition of the veins and the valves in the veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ultrasound in medical imaging?

To visualize soft tissue in the body in real-time Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of spiral multi-detector CT scans?

They produce fine detailed images in quick time Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of radio-contrast material in CT scans?

To enhance the clarity of the images produced Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a CT scan and an angiogram?

An angiogram is used to diagnose blockages in the arteries, while a CT scan is used to produce detailed images of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fluoroscopy?

To guide interventional procedures Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using a multi-detector CT scan?

It produces fine detailed images in quick time Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of X-rays in diagnostic radiography?

To take images of the inside of an object Signup and view all the answers

What type of radiation is used in fluoroscopy?

X-radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering radio-contrast agents in fluoroscopy?

To describe the anatomy and functioning of the blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What appears white on an X-ray image?

Dense bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of interventional radiology?

To perform minimally invasive treatments Signup and view all the answers

What is the wavelength range of X-rays?

10 to 0.01 nm Signup and view all the answers

What is the equipment used for bone X-rays?

X-ray tube suspended over a table Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of soft tissue absorbing X-rays?

It appears in shades of grey on the X-ray image Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of conventional chest X-rays?

To diagnose respiratory diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fluoroscopy in diagnosing gastrointestinal disorders?

To visualize the movement of food through the digestive system Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bone Structure and Function

Bones are composed of blood vessels, veins, and marrow that transport nutrients and waste in and out of bones.
There are two types of bone marrow: red marrow (responsible for blood cell production) and yellow marrow (mostly composed of fat and found in the hollow centers of long bones).

Bone Marrow Development

At birth, all marrow is red, producing more blood.
In adults, red and yellow marrow are equal in proportion.
Red marrow is found in high concentrations in the spine, sternum, ribs, and pelvis.

Fractures

A fracture is a breakage in bone due to injury, stress, or disease.
There are several types of fractures, including simple, compound, comminute, and incomplete fractures.

Cartilage and Joints

Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in multiple organ systems, composed of chondrocytes, collagen fibers, and ground substance rich in proteoglycan and elastin fibers.
There are three types of cartilage: hyaline cartilage (found in joints, nose, larynx, trachea, and ribs), elastic cartilage (found in the epiglottis), and fibrocartilage (found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis).

Joints

A joint is a connection or union of two or more bones or cartilages.
The study of joints is known as arthrology.
Joints can be classified into three types: fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints.

Fibrous Joints

Fibrous joints are connected by dense fibrous connective tissue, allowing for little to no movement.
Examples of fibrous joints include skull sutures and interosseous ligaments between forearm and leg bones.

Cartilaginous Joints

Cartilaginous joints are connected by cartilage, allowing for limited movement.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints: primary (found in growing bones where the shaft meets the epiphyseal plate) and secondary (found in bones whose articular surfaces are covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage).

Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are freely mobile joints in which the bones are separated by a potential space called the synovial cavity.
The synovial cavity is lined by a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid, which nourishes and lubricates the articulating surfaces.
Synovial joints have a wide range of motion, defined by the joint capsule, supporting ligaments, and muscles that cross the joint.
There are six types of synovial joints: hinge, pivot, ball and socket, ellipsoid, gliding, and saddle joints.

Muscular System

Muscles provide several functions, including motion, maintenance of posture, production of heat, protection, and stability of joints.
Muscle tissue constitutes about half of one's body weight and consists of specialized cells with the characteristics of excitability, contractility, and extensibility.

Muscles and Joints

Hilton's law states that the nerve supplying the joint also supplies the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering the insertion of these muscles.
The muscular system is responsible for all body movement, making it the "machines" of the body.

Imaging Techniques

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 10 to 0.01 nm, discovered by Röntgen in 1895.
X-rays are used in diagnostic radiography and crystallography to take images of the inside of an object.
Applications of X-rays include diagnosing arthritis, pneumonia, bone tumors, and fractures.

Conventional Chest X-Rays

X-rays are used to produce high-contrast images on silver-impregnated film.
Dense bone absorbs most of the radiation, while soft tissue and air allow more X-rays to pass through, resulting in bones appearing white, soft tissue in shades of grey, and air appearing black.

Fluoroscopy

Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of internal structures and functions.
Radiocontrast agents like Barium Sulphate and Radio-Iodine are used to describe anatomy and function of blood vessels, genitourinary system, and gastrointestinal tract.

Interventional Radiology

Interventional radiology is a subspecialty of radiology that uses image guidance for minimally invasive procedures.
Applications include diagnostic angiograms, treatment of peripheral vascular disease, renal artery stenosis, and gastrostomy tube placements.

Angiogram and Angioplasty

An angiogram is a special X-ray that diagnoses blockages or narrowings in arteries.
During an angiogram, a tube is inserted into an artery, and a radio-opaque dye is injected to visualize blood vessels.
Angioplasty is a procedure that uses a balloon to treat narrowed or blocked arteries, often avoiding surgery.

Venogram

A venogram is an X-ray test that visualizes blood flow through veins using a special dye.
Venograms examine the condition of veins and valves in a specific area of the body.

Computer Tomography (CT)

A CT scan uses a ring-shaped apparatus with an X-ray tube and detector to produce cross-sectional images.
Coronal and sagittal images are produced by computer reconstruction, allowing for detailed images of structures like the skull bone and brain.
Radiocontrast material enhances image clarity, and spiral multi-detector CT scans produce fine detailed images quickly.

Imaging Techniques

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 10 to 0.01 nm, discovered by Röntgen in 1895.
X-rays are used in diagnostic radiography and crystallography to take images of the inside of an object.
Applications of X-rays include diagnosing arthritis, pneumonia, bone tumors, and fractures.

Conventional Chest X-Rays

X-rays are used to produce high-contrast images on silver-impregnated film.
Dense bone absorbs most of the radiation, while soft tissue and air allow more X-rays to pass through, resulting in bones appearing white, soft tissue in shades of grey, and air appearing black.

Fluoroscopy

Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of internal structures and functions.
Radiocontrast agents like Barium Sulphate and Radio-Iodine are used to describe anatomy and function of blood vessels, genitourinary system, and gastrointestinal tract.

Interventional Radiology

Interventional radiology is a subspecialty of radiology that uses image guidance for minimally invasive procedures.
Applications include diagnostic angiograms, treatment of peripheral vascular disease, renal artery stenosis, and gastrostomy tube placements.

Angiogram and Angioplasty

An angiogram is a special X-ray that diagnoses blockages or narrowings in arteries.
During an angiogram, a tube is inserted into an artery, and a radio-opaque dye is injected to visualize blood vessels.
Angioplasty is a procedure that uses a balloon to treat narrowed or blocked arteries, often avoiding surgery.

Venogram

A venogram is an X-ray test that visualizes blood flow through veins using a special dye.
Venograms examine the condition of veins and valves in a specific area of the body.

Computer Tomography (CT)

A CT scan uses a ring-shaped apparatus with an X-ray tube and detector to produce cross-sectional images.
Coronal and sagittal images are produced by computer reconstruction, allowing for detailed images of structures like the skull bone and brain.
Radiocontrast material enhances image clarity, and spiral multi-detector CT scans produce fine detailed images quickly.

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Learn about the structure and function of red and yellow marrow in bones, including their roles in blood cell production and fat storage.

Bone Marrow Structure and Function

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Podcast

Questions and Answers

The study of joints is known as ______.

There are ______ different types of joints.

[Blank] cartilage is the most abundant of the cartilages and is found in joints.

Cartilage is a type of ______ connective tissue.

Fibrous joints are connected by ______ fibrous connective tissue.

[Blank] marrow is responsible for blood cell production.

A ______ is referred to as a breakage in bone due to injury/stress or disease.

Red marrow produces approximately ______ billion red blood cells each day.

The skeletal muscle is also known as ______ muscle.

The ______ skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Bones provide ______ for the body and its cavities.

Osteoblasts are responsible for laying down ______ and forming the bone matrix.

The ______ component of bones is represented by osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.

The ______ bone is the outer dense layer that gives bone its smooth, white, and solid appearance.

Osteoclasts reabsorb ______ and release calcium and phosphates.

The muscles, tendons, and ligaments work together to provide ______ for movement.

Skull ______ gradually ossify from within outwards.

The ______ ligaments are found between forearm and leg bones.

In ______ joints, the bones are connected by cartilage.

Primary cartilaginous joints are found in all growing bones where the ______ meets its epiphyseal plate.

In secondary cartilaginous joints, the bones are united by ______ cartilage.

Synovial joints are characterized by a ______ space between the bones.

The ______ membrane in synovial joints secretes the synovial fluid.

There are ______ different types of synovial joints.

Muscle tissue constitutes about ______________ one's body weight

Muscles provide several functions, including ______________ and maintenance of posture

Muscle cells have the characteristic of ______________ - ability to receive and respond to stimuli

The spherical end of one bone fits into a concave socket of another in a ______________ joint

In a ______________ joint, opposed usually flat surfaces glide across each other

The rounded part of one bone fits into the groove of another in a ______________ joint

The concave surfaces of 2 bones articulate with each other in a ______________ joint

Muscles provide the function of ______________, which can be obvious or not obvious

Flat bones are mostly thin, ______, and usually curved

Flat bones contain two parallel layers of compact bones surrounding a layer of ______ bone

Examples of flat bones include most of the ______ bones, scapula, sternum, and sacrum

Irregular bones do not fit into any of the other ______ categories

The process or development of bone tissue is called ______ or osteogenesis

During the development of the foetus, there are 3 ______ layers present, namely; endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

Sesamoid bones are small, rounded, and unique types of bones that are embedded in ______ tendons where the tendon passes over a joint

The largest sesamoid bone in the body is the ______, but several other smaller sesamoid bones can be found in the hand and foot

What is the wavelength range of X-rays?

What is the purpose of X-rays in diagnostic radiography and crystallography?

What appears black on an X-ray?

What is the purpose of fluoroscopy?

What is the role of radio-contrast agents in fluoroscopy?

What is the purpose of interventional radiology?

What is the use of X-rays in bone imaging?

What is the equipment used for bone X-rays?

What is the result of dense bone absorbing X-rays?

What is the purpose of conventional chest X-rays?

What is the primary purpose of an angioplasty procedure?

What is the main component of an angiogram?

What is the purpose of a venogram?

What is the primary function of osteoblasts?

What is the main component of computer tomography (CT)?

What is the primary function of a spiral multi-detector CT?

What is the primary function of ultrasound?

What is the primary function of a stent?

What is the primary function of a catheter?

What is the primary function of a gastrostomy tube?

What is the primary function of computed tomography (CT) scans?

What is the purpose of injecting a special radio-opaque dye during an angiogram?

What is the main difference between an angioplasty and an angiogram?

What is the purpose of a venogram?

What is the role of ultrasound in medical imaging?

What is the main advantage of spiral multi-detector CT scans?

What is the purpose of radio-contrast material in CT scans?

What is the main difference between a CT scan and an angiogram?

What is the purpose of fluoroscopy?

What is the advantage of using a multi-detector CT scan?

What is the primary function of X-rays in diagnostic radiography?

What type of radiation is used in fluoroscopy?

What is the purpose of administering radio-contrast agents in fluoroscopy?

What appears white on an X-ray image?

What is the purpose of interventional radiology?

What is the wavelength range of X-rays?