Podcast
Questions and Answers
In the proliferating zone, chondrocytes are producing new ______ cells.
In the proliferating zone, chondrocytes are producing new ______ cells.
cartilage
The ______ zone is where cartilage cells are dying off.
The ______ zone is where cartilage cells are dying off.
degenerating
Bone is forming in the ______ zone, which increases the length of the bone.
Bone is forming in the ______ zone, which increases the length of the bone.
ossification
When the epiphyseal plates close, bone lengthening can no longer ______.
When the epiphyseal plates close, bone lengthening can no longer ______.
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Low vitamin D levels in children can cause ______.
Low vitamin D levels in children can cause ______.
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Growth hormone (GH) stimulates bone ______.
Growth hormone (GH) stimulates bone ______.
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Osteoclasts break bone down, while ______ build it up.
Osteoclasts break bone down, while ______ build it up.
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If blood calcium rises, some of the excess is deposited in ______.
If blood calcium rises, some of the excess is deposited in ______.
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The ____ node in the right atrium initiates the heartbeat.
The ____ node in the right atrium initiates the heartbeat.
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The electrical current produced during atrial stimulation is called the ____ wave.
The electrical current produced during atrial stimulation is called the ____ wave.
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The ____ node relays the electrical signal from the SA node to the ventricles.
The ____ node relays the electrical signal from the SA node to the ventricles.
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The complex representing the wave of electrical current traveling through the ventricles is known as the ____ complex.
The complex representing the wave of electrical current traveling through the ventricles is known as the ____ complex.
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The recovery of the ventricles is represented as the ____ wave.
The recovery of the ventricles is represented as the ____ wave.
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The right atrium pumps deoxygenated blood into the right ______.
The right atrium pumps deoxygenated blood into the right ______.
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The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-______ blood.
The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-______ blood.
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Gas exchange occurs in the ______ of the lungs.
Gas exchange occurs in the ______ of the lungs.
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The four pulmonary veins empty into the left ______.
The four pulmonary veins empty into the left ______.
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The left ventricle pumps blood into the ______.
The left ventricle pumps blood into the ______.
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The vena cavae empty into the right ______.
The vena cavae empty into the right ______.
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The hepatic portal vein brings nutrient-rich blood from the ______ tract to the liver.
The hepatic portal vein brings nutrient-rich blood from the ______ tract to the liver.
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The liver synthesizes blood proteins from the amino acids in the hepatic ______ vein.
The liver synthesizes blood proteins from the amino acids in the hepatic ______ vein.
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Blood is drained from the liver into the hepatic ______.
Blood is drained from the liver into the hepatic ______.
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From aorta > renal artery > kidney > renal vein > inferior vena ______.
From aorta > renal artery > kidney > renal vein > inferior vena ______.
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The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and ______.
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and ______.
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One of the main functions of the cardiovascular system is the transport of ______.
One of the main functions of the cardiovascular system is the transport of ______.
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The lymphatic system assists the cardiovascular system by collecting excess tissue ______.
The lymphatic system assists the cardiovascular system by collecting excess tissue ______.
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Cells of the immune system are transported to help protect the body from ______.
Cells of the immune system are transported to help protect the body from ______.
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The three types of blood vessels include arteries, veins, and ______.
The three types of blood vessels include arteries, veins, and ______.
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The purpose of the ______ system in circulation is to maintain homeostasis.
The purpose of the ______ system in circulation is to maintain homeostasis.
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The heart pumps blood through blood vessels, bringing ______ to cells.
The heart pumps blood through blood vessels, bringing ______ to cells.
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The immune system cells are transported by the cardiovascular system to help with ______.
The immune system cells are transported by the cardiovascular system to help with ______.
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The lymphatic vessels carry a fluid called ______.
The lymphatic vessels carry a fluid called ______.
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Regulation of the body’s pH balance is one of the functions of the ______ system.
Regulation of the body’s pH balance is one of the functions of the ______ system.
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An electrocardiogram detects ______ in the heart.
An electrocardiogram detects ______ in the heart.
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Ventricular fibrillation occurs due to uncoordinated, irregular electrical signals in the ______.
Ventricular fibrillation occurs due to uncoordinated, irregular electrical signals in the ______.
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When the heart cannot pump blood due to irregular signals, tissues become starved of ______.
When the heart cannot pump blood due to irregular signals, tissues become starved of ______.
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Defibrillation involves applying a strong electrical signal to reset the ______.
Defibrillation involves applying a strong electrical signal to reset the ______.
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The SA node is responsible for initiating the ______ of the heart.
The SA node is responsible for initiating the ______ of the heart.
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The sounds of a heartbeat are often described as ______ and dub.
The sounds of a heartbeat are often described as ______ and dub.
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The flow of blood through the heart is essential for proper ______.
The flow of blood through the heart is essential for proper ______.
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Electrocardiograms are crucial for diagnosing various ______ of the heart.
Electrocardiograms are crucial for diagnosing various ______ of the heart.
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Irregular electrical signals can disrupt the normal function of the ______.
Irregular electrical signals can disrupt the normal function of the ______.
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The study of electrocardiograms contributes significantly to understanding heart ______.
The study of electrocardiograms contributes significantly to understanding heart ______.
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Study Notes
Bone Growth
- The proliferating zone of the epiphyseal plate is where chondrocytes produce new cartilage cells
- The degenerating zone of the epiphyseal plate is where cartilage cells die off
- The ossification zone of the epiphyseal plate is where bone forms, which increases the length of the bone
- When the epiphyseal plates close, bone lengthening can no longer occur
- Important hormones in bone growth include vitamin D, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, and sex hormones
- Vitamin D is formed in the skin after exposure to sunlight and is converted to a hormone necessary for calcium absorption from food
- Low vitamin D levels in children leads to rickets with bone deformities
- Growth hormone (GH) stimulates bone growth and requires concurrent action of thyroid hormones for metabolism
- Dwarfism is caused by insufficient GH in childhood
- Gigantism is caused by excessive GH in childhood
- Acromegaly is caused by excessive GH in adults which leads to excessive growth in the hands and face
- Sex hormones fuel a growth spurt during adolescence
Bone Remodeling and Calcium Homeostasis
- Bone remodeling is a continuous process of bone breakdown by osteoclasts and bone buildup by osteoblasts
- 18% of bone is recycled each year
- Paget disease causes new bone to be generated at a faster than normal rate which produces softer and weaker bones
- Can cause bone pain, deformities, and fractures
- If blood calcium levels rise, excess calcium is deposited in bones
Heartbeat and Electrocardiogram
- The SA node in the right atrium initiates the heartbeat, sending electrical signals causing the atria to contract
- The SA node is considered the pacemaker of the heart
- The impulse travels to the AV node, also in the right atrium, which sends a signal down the AV bundle and Purkinje fibers which trigger ventricular contraction
- The cardiac control center of the brain increases or decreases heart rate based on the body's needs in external control
- Some hormones also increase heart rate
- An electrocardiogram (ECG) measures electrical changes in the heart muscle during the cardiac cycle
- The atria create a P wave when stimulated by the SA node
- The QRS complex, reflecting a wave of electrical current passing through the ventricles, signals the ventricles' impending contraction
- The T wave represents the recovery of the ventricles
- Ventricular fibrillation is caused by uncoordinated, irregular electrical signals in the ventricles
- This results in the heart's inability to pump blood, leading to oxygen deprivation in tissues
- Defibrillation involves applying a strong electrical signal to reset the heart
- This allows the SA node to resume firing hopefully
Blood Flow
- The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood from the right atrium, through the right ventricle, into the pulmonary trunk
- The trunk divides into right and left pulmonary arteries, supplying the lungs
- Pulmonary arteries branch into arterioles, leading to capillaries, where gas exchange takes place
- Pulmonary capillaries connect to venules, merging into pulmonary veins
- Four pulmonary veins empty into the left atrium
- Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood, while pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood
- The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the aorta
- The aorta branches, supplying tissues throughout the body
- Branches further into arterioles, which connect to capillaries, where exchanges with interstitial fluid occur
- Capillaries lead to venules, merging into veins, which then connect to the superior and inferior vena cavae
- The vena cavae empty into the right atrium
- The hepatic portal system carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
- The liver synthesizes blood proteins from amino acids in the portal vein and stores glucose as glycogen
- It also removes toxins and pathogens from the blood that entered through the digestive system
- Blood is then drained from the liver into the hepatic veins, which flow into the inferior vena cava
Cardiovascular System
- The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels
- The heart pumps blood through blood vessels
- Essential functions of the cardiovascular system include:
- Transport: delivers oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products, nutrients, and hormones
- Protection: transports immune cells for infection defense
- Regulation: maintains homeostasis of pH balance, electrolyte levels, and temperature
- The lymphatic system collects excess tissue fluid and returns it to the blood
- Fluid entering the lymphatic vessels is called lymph
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Description
This quiz explores the mechanisms of bone growth, focusing on the epiphyseal plate and the roles of various hormones. Participants will learn about the proliferating, degenerating, and ossification zones, as well as the effects of vitamin D and growth hormones on bone health. Understand the consequences of hormonal imbalances such as dwarfism and gigantism.
