Bone Classification and Structure Chapter 12

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Questions and Answers

What are bones composed of?

Bones are composed of a variety of tissues including bone tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, blood, and nervous tissue.

What are the functions of bones?

They support and protect softer tissues, provide points of attachment for muscles, house blood-producing cells, and store inorganic cells.

What do the organic and inorganic matter of living bone consist of?

The organic matter mostly consists of embedded cells and collagen fibers. The inorganic matter is mostly complex salt crystals, hydroxyapatite, consisting of calcium phosphate.

What are long bones?

Long bones are much longer than they are wide and have expanded ends, such as the femur, humerus, and phalanges. Signup and view all the answers

What are short bones?

Short bones are somewhat cube-shaped, with similar lengths and widths, like carpals and tarsals. Signup and view all the answers

What are flat bones?

Flat bones have wide surfaces but are sometimes curved, such as ribs, scapula, and most cranial bones. Signup and view all the answers

What are irregular bones?

Irregular bones have numerous shapes and often have articulations with more than one other bone, such as vertebrae and some facial bones like the sphenoid. Signup and view all the answers

What are sesamoid bones?

Sesamoid bones are small and embedded within a tendon near joints where compression often occurs, such as the patella. Signup and view all the answers

Know the structure of a long bone?

Proximal epiphysis, articular cartilage, epiphyseal lines, red bone marrow, compact bone, yellow bone marrow, periosteum, endosteum location, medullary (marrow) cavity, spongy bone, diaphysis, distal epiphysis. Signup and view all the answers

What is an osteon (Haversian system)?

Cylinder-shaped unit. Signup and view all the answers

What does the central canal contain?

Contains blood vessels and nerves. Signup and view all the answers

What is lamella?

Concentric ring of matrix around the central canal. Signup and view all the answers

What is a lacuna?

Small chamber for an osteocyte. Signup and view all the answers

What is bone extracellular matrix composed of?

Collagen and calcium phosphate. Signup and view all the answers

What is a canaliculus?

Minute tube containing cellular process. Signup and view all the answers

What is the epiphyseal plate?

Growth zone of hyaline cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the articular cartilage located?

On ends of epiphyses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the diaphysis?

Shaft between epiphyses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the periosteum?

Membrane around bone (except articular cartilage) of dense irregular connective tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is compact (dense) bone?

Forms diaphysis and epiphyseal surfaces. Signup and view all the answers

What is spongy (cancellous) bone?

Within epiphyses trabeculae - a structural lattice of plates in spongy bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the medullary (marrow) cavity?

Hollow chamber. Signup and view all the answers

What is the endosteum?

Thin membrane lining medullary cavity of reticular connective tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What does yellow bone marrow do?

Occupies medullary cavity and stores adipose tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What does red bone marrow produce?

Produces blood cells and occupies spongy bone in some epiphyses and flat bones. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bone Composition and Functions

Bones consist of various tissues: bone tissue, cartilage, connective tissue, blood, and nervous tissue.
Functions include support and protection, muscle attachment, housing blood-producing cells, and storing inorganic materials.

Organic and Inorganic Matter

Organic matter is around one-third of bone composition, including embedded cells and collagen fibers.
Inorganic matter, primarily composed of hydroxyapatite, consists of calcium phosphate.

Types of Bones

Long Bones: Longer than wide with expanded ends (e.g., femur, humerus).
Short Bones: Cube-shaped with equal length and width (e.g., carpals, tarsals).
Flat Bones: Wide surfaces that may be curved (e.g., cranial bones, ribs).
Irregular Bones: Various shapes, often connecting with multiple bones (e.g., vertebrae, sphenoid).
Sesamoid Bones: Small bones embedded in tendons near joints, primarily the patella.

Structure of Long Bones

Key elements include proximal and distal epiphysis, diaphysis, articular cartilage, and various types of marrow (red and yellow).
Surrounded by periosteum and lined by endosteum.

Osteon Structure

Osteon (Haversian System): Cylinder-shaped unit of compact bone.
Central Canal: Contains blood vessels and nerves.
Lamella: Concentric ring of bone matrix surrounding the central canal.
Lacuna: Chamber housing osteocytes.
Canaliculus: Tiny tubes containing cellular processes.

Bone Marrow and Membranes

Yellow Bone Marrow: Found in the medullary cavity, stores adipose tissue.
Red Bone Marrow: Located in spongy bone, responsible for blood cell production.
Periosteum: Dense connective tissue membrane covering bones, excluding articular surfaces.
Endosteum: Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity, composed of reticular connective tissue.

Summary of Key Bone Components

Diaphysis: Shaft of long bones connecting the epiphyses.
Articular Cartilage: Smooth tissue covering the ends of the epiphyses for joint movement.
Epiphyseal Plate: Hyaline cartilage zone for growth in long bones.
Compact Bone: Makes up the diaphysis and outer surfaces of epiphyses.
Spongy Bone: Contains trabeculae, a lattice framework within epiphyses.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the classification and structure of bones in this Chapter 12 quiz. From the composition of bones to their functions, understand the role they play in the human body. Perfect for students studying anatomy and biology.