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Questions and Answers
What is the primary disease associated with the deterioration of articular cartilage?
What is the primary disease associated with the deterioration of articular cartilage?
Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor for osteoarthritis?
Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor for osteoarthritis?
In the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis, where does the inflammatory process initially begin?
In the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis, where does the inflammatory process initially begin?
Which of the following accurately describes the progression of inflammation in osteoarthritis?
Which of the following accurately describes the progression of inflammation in osteoarthritis?
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Which component is NOT specifically mentioned as contributing to osteoarthritis progression?
Which component is NOT specifically mentioned as contributing to osteoarthritis progression?
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What is a primary treatment option for managing osteoarthritis in the acute phase?
What is a primary treatment option for managing osteoarthritis in the acute phase?
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Which medication is necessary to be COX-2 selective when treating small animals for osteoarthritis?
Which medication is necessary to be COX-2 selective when treating small animals for osteoarthritis?
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What is a common treatment for immune-mediated joint disease aside from analgesia?
What is a common treatment for immune-mediated joint disease aside from analgesia?
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What surgical procedure may be appropriate for certain joints affected by osteoarthritis?
What surgical procedure may be appropriate for certain joints affected by osteoarthritis?
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What is a critical step in managing septic arthritis?
What is a critical step in managing septic arthritis?
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Which condition is characterized by gradual onset lameness that may improve with exercise?
Which condition is characterized by gradual onset lameness that may improve with exercise?
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What grade of patellar luxation indicates that the patella can be luxated but returns to its normal position when released?
What grade of patellar luxation indicates that the patella can be luxated but returns to its normal position when released?
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Which condition would most likely present with multi-limb lameness and pyrexia in a young dog?
Which condition would most likely present with multi-limb lameness and pyrexia in a young dog?
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In which developmental condition is medial patellar luxation more common?
In which developmental condition is medial patellar luxation more common?
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Which condition is characterized by joint effusion in a young animal?
Which condition is characterized by joint effusion in a young animal?
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What is a consequence of the inflammatory response in septic arthritis?
What is a consequence of the inflammatory response in septic arthritis?
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Which factor is associated with non-erosive immune-mediated polyarthritis?
Which factor is associated with non-erosive immune-mediated polyarthritis?
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What role does a fibrin clot play in septic arthritis?
What role does a fibrin clot play in septic arthritis?
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What is indicated by reduced range of motion in a clinical examination?
What is indicated by reduced range of motion in a clinical examination?
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Which condition can arise from untreated septic arthritis?
Which condition can arise from untreated septic arthritis?
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Which diagnostic method is used to visually assess joint disease?
Which diagnostic method is used to visually assess joint disease?
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Which symptom is indicative of a bacterial infection in polyarthritis?
Which symptom is indicative of a bacterial infection in polyarthritis?
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What is a primary characteristic of degenerative osteoarthritis?
What is a primary characteristic of degenerative osteoarthritis?
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What is the most common type of bone neoplasia discussed?
What is the most common type of bone neoplasia discussed?
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What treatment may be necessary for osteomyelitis after a fracture?
What treatment may be necessary for osteomyelitis after a fracture?
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Which of the following disorders is typically associated with a mass in the chest?
Which of the following disorders is typically associated with a mass in the chest?
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What is a common radiographic finding associated with joint disease?
What is a common radiographic finding associated with joint disease?
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What is a key distinguishing feature of primary bone tumors compared to metastatic tumors?
What is a key distinguishing feature of primary bone tumors compared to metastatic tumors?
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Which diagnostic method provides a three-dimensional image to evaluate joint pathology?
Which diagnostic method provides a three-dimensional image to evaluate joint pathology?
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Which condition is characterized by pain around the metaphysis in large breed dogs aged 4-6 months?
Which condition is characterized by pain around the metaphysis in large breed dogs aged 4-6 months?
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Which type of neoplasia is less common than others but still important to note?
Which type of neoplasia is less common than others but still important to note?
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What is the normal appearance of synovial fluid in a dog or cat?
What is the normal appearance of synovial fluid in a dog or cat?
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What is a common symptom of panosteitis in dogs?
What is a common symptom of panosteitis in dogs?
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Which type of management focuses on conservative techniques for osteochondrosis?
Which type of management focuses on conservative techniques for osteochondrosis?
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Which breed is typically affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?
Which breed is typically affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?
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What characteristic indicates an abnormal appearance of synovial fluid?
What characteristic indicates an abnormal appearance of synovial fluid?
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What is one purpose of arthroscopy in the management of joint disease?
What is one purpose of arthroscopy in the management of joint disease?
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Which of these is NOT typically assessed using ultrasound in joint disease diagnosis?
Which of these is NOT typically assessed using ultrasound in joint disease diagnosis?
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Which surgical technique is specifically mentioned for cruciate ligament disease management?
Which surgical technique is specifically mentioned for cruciate ligament disease management?
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Study Notes
Bone and Joint Disease
- Bone pathology encompasses a range of causes, including developmental, degenerative, anomalous, autoimmune, metabolic, nutritional, neoplastic, idiopathic, inflammatory, infectious, toxic, and vascular conditions.
- Bone physiology involves osteoblasts creating new bone, osteocytes as principal bone cells, and osteoclasts for bone resorption. Bone structure also includes organic components (type 1 collagen and proteoglycans, contributing to flexibility), and inorganic calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite crystals) giving rigidity.
- Congenital bone diseases include chondrodysplasia-dwarfism. Developmental conditions include osteochondrosis/hip dysplasia, angular limb deformities, hypertrophic osteodystrophy, and pituitary dwarfism.
- Metabolic bone diseases include nutritional osteodystrophy (common in puppies on meat-based diets), hypervitaminosis A (cats fed exclusively on liver), and metabolic-renal hyperparathyroidism (mostly in toy breeds).
- Traumatic bone conditions include fractures, and periosteal reactions, particularly frequent in juvenile dogs.
- Infections can result in osteomyelitis, often following fracture repair; symptoms potentially include pain, lameness, swelling, and sinus tracts.
- Neoplasia commonly involves osteosarcoma, often localized "around the knee". Aggressive tumours often metastasise. Different types of bone tumours are fibrosarcoma (uncommon), Multiple myeloma (osteolytic lesions), synovial tumours (rare), solitary osseous plasmacytoma, and metastatic tumours.
- Diseases of unknown origin commonly affect dogs include Marie's disease, hypertrophic osteopathy, craniomandibular osteopathy, and panosteitis.
Diagnosis of Bone Disease
- Signalment (age, sex, breed) and owner observations (lameness, duration, worsening/improving, exercise effects, recent trauma) are crucial.
- Clinical examination includes checking for wounds, fragments of bone, palpable fracture, symmetry, muscular atrophy, posture, limb palpation (heat, pain, swelling), gait assessment, and if any other clinical diseases present.
- Key imaging methods include radiography, ultrasound, CT, MRI, scintigraphy, and biopsy.
- Computed Tomography (CT) creates 3D images from many 2D radiographic images.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides excellent soft tissue imaging, while being less detailed for bone structures.
- Bone biopsy helps determine the cause when neoplasia is suspected, and to guide treatment plan and antimicrobial therapy.
- Determining lesion location and distribution (monostotic, polystotic) aids diagnosis, since older animals are often associated with monostotic conditions and younger ones with polystotic.
Joint Disease
- Diarthroidial joints allow smooth, frictionless movement, relying on cartilage, collateral ligaments, fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, and synovial fluid.
- Congenital joint problems include hip and elbow dysplasia, OCD (osteochondritis dissecans), and patellar luxation.
- Neoplastic disorders (though less common) including osteoarthritis, cruciate ligament rupture, secondary to developmental problems are also found.
- Inflammatory and infectious disorders involve osteoarthritis, septic arthritis.
- Immune-mediated polyarthritis affects young dogs, often displaying multi-limb pyrexia.
- Clinical findings (pain, discomfort, joint swelling, reduced movement, crepitus, muscle atrophy, bone changes) and examining gait for lameness are important.
- Synoviocentesis (examination of synovial fluid) can aid diagnosis; normal appears pale yellow/transparent, high viscosity, low in white blood cells, and total protein. Abnormal is serous/turbid/reduced viscosity, and has high white blood cell count, with >90% neutrophils. Also assesses other synovial fluid components.
- Imaging like radiography and ultrasound is used in joint disease diagnosis. Arthroscopy gives a direct view of the joints, useful for elbow diagnosis and treatment.
Management of Bone and Joint Disease
- Management options vary depending on the underlying condition and owner expectations.
- Specific surgical treatments include TPLO (for cruciate ligament disease), TTA, and lateral suture.
- Conservative management for developmental osteochondrosis involves rest, controlling inflammation and reducing body weight, and adjusting Ca:P ration in the diet.
- Surgical management of osteochondrosis may entail removing a cartilage flap via surgery or arthroscopy.
- Analgesia, controlling inflammation, and managing damage are considerations.
- Treating septic arthritis might involve joint lavage, removing bacteria, debris, and inflammatory mediators. Joint fluid samples are useful for culture and sensitivity tests.
- Diagnosing and managing immune-mediated problems may involve identifying the underlying cause, giving immunosuppressive therapy, along with analgesia.
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Description
Explore the complexities of bone and joint diseases that encompass a variety of causes such as developmental, metabolic, and infectious factors. This quiz addresses the physiology of bone, including the roles of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, along with congenital and metabolic bone conditions. Test your knowledge on the pathologies affecting bone structure and health.
