Bone Anatomy and Physiology

Questions and Answers

Which of the following bone categories is composed of two layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them?

Irregular bones

Flat bone (correct)

Compact bone

Sesamoid bone

Long bone

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue fibers called:

Endochondral bone

Sharpey's fibers (correct)

Volkmann's canals

Articular cartilage

A bony matrix with hyaline cartilage

In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to:

Decrease friction at joint surfaces

Store calcium and phosphorus

Store adipose tissue (correct)

Form blood cells

Cause links the wise growth in long bones

The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that:

Bone length is increasing Signup and view all the answers

Osteons are characteristic of:

Compact bone Signup and view all the answers

The bone cells within lacunae receive nourishment from blood vessels through passageways called:

Canaliculi Signup and view all the answers

A shallow, basin-like depression in a bone often serving as an articular surface is a:

Fossa Signup and view all the answers

A round or oval opening through a bone is a:

Foramen Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are bone-forming cells?

Osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon contains:

Blood vessels and nerve fibers Signup and view all the answers

The small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called:

Lacunae Signup and view all the answers

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a bone that forms from fibrous membranes?

The parietal bone Signup and view all the answers

The factor(s) that determine where bone matrix is to be remodeled is (are):

Stresses of gravity and muscle pull on the skeleton Signup and view all the answers

There are four stages in the healing of a bone fracture. Which of the following best illustrates the sequence of these stages?

4,3,1,2 Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell does parathyroid hormone (PTH) activate?

Osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

A compound fracture can be described as when:

The broken bone is exposed to the outside Signup and view all the answers

A bone fracture where the bone is broken into many fragments is a:

Comminuted fracture Signup and view all the answers

A fracture that is common in children, whose bones have relatively more collagen in their matrix and are more flexible than those of adults, is a(n):

Greenstick fracture Signup and view all the answers

A fracture that is common in osteoporotic bone is a(n):

Compression fracture Signup and view all the answers

The axial skeleton contains:

1,3,4 Signup and view all the answers

The suture found between the parietal and temporal bone is the:

Squamous suture Signup and view all the answers

All of the following facial bones are paired except one. Which of the following is the unpaired facial bone?

Vomer Signup and view all the answers

The middle conchae are part of the:

Ethmoid bone Signup and view all the answers

Which of these bones is NOT associated with the foot?

Metacarpals Signup and view all the answers

The hyoid bone is unique because:

It is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone Signup and view all the answers

The sella turcica is part of the ____ bone.

Sphenoid Signup and view all the answers

There are _____ vertebrae in the neck region.

Seven cervical Signup and view all the answers

Transverse foramina are found in the:

First cervical vertebra Signup and view all the answers

Which is the correct order of the ribs, from superior to inferior:

True ribs, false ribs, floating ribs Signup and view all the answers

The sternum is the result of fusion of three bones called the:

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process Signup and view all the answers

The greater trochanter is located on the:

Femur Signup and view all the answers

The tailbone is the:

Coccyx Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correct of the female pelvis when comparing it with the male pelvis?

The distance between the female ischial spines is greater Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bone Types and Structure

Flat bones consist of two layers of compact bone with spongy bone in between, serving protective functions.
Osteons, the basic structural unit of compact bone, contain passageways for blood vessels and nerves.
The periosteum connects firmly to bone via Sharpey's fibers, facilitating nutrient supply and attachment for muscles and tendons.

Bone Marrow Functions

Yellow marrow primarily stores adipose tissue, while red marrow is involved in blood cell formation.
The presence of epiphyseal plates indicates that bones are still growing in length.

Bone Formation and Remodeling

Osteoblasts are responsible for forming new bone, while osteoclasts break down bone tissue, regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH).
The factors influencing bone matrix remodeling include mechanical stresses from gravity and muscle pull.

Fractures

Bone healing involves stages: hematoma formation, fibrocartilage callus formation, bony callus formation, and remodeling.
Different fractures include:
- Compound fractures: where bone ends are exposed to the outside.
- Comminuted fractures: characterized by the bone being broken into multiple fragments.
- Greenstick fractures: common in children due to their flexible bones, characterized by partial breaks.
- Compression fractures: frequently occur in osteoporotic bones.

Skeletal System Components

The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.
The hyoid bone is unique as it does not articulate with any other bone, primarily supporting the tongue.
Suture classifications: the squamous suture is found between the parietal and temporal bones.

Vertebrae and Ribs

Seven cervical vertebrae are located in the neck region, with transverse foramina present in the first cervical vertebra.
Ribs are categorized into true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs, ordered from superior to inferior as true, false, then floating.

Pelvic Differences

Female pelvis is generally wider, has a greater distance between ischial spines, and exhibits a larger pubic arch angle compared to the male pelvis, accommodating childbirth.

Notable Bone Features

The greater trochanter is a prominent structure located on the femur, providing muscle attachment points.
The coccyx, commonly known as the tailbone, is made up of fused vertebrae providing support while sitting.

Specific Bone Examples

The parietal bone forms from fibrous membranes, contributing to the flat bones of the skull.
The sella turcica, a depression for the pituitary gland, is located in the sphenoid bone.
Transverse foramina are distinctive features of cervical vertebrae, allowing passage for vertebral arteries.

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Description

This quiz explores the various types and structures of bones, including their functions and the role of bone marrow in the body. It also covers the processes of bone formation, remodeling, and healing after fractures. Test your knowledge on the intricacies of human skeletal anatomy!