Bone Anatomy and Fractures Quiz

The outer layer of bone, containing osteons which are the primary units. Known for its strength.

The inner layer of bone, containing trabeculae that form an irregular meshwork. It contains hematopoietic tissue and/or adipose tissue.

Immature bone tissue that's physiologically present in young animals and pathologically in adults.

Cells responsible for creating new bone by producing osteoid, the non-mineralized matrix of the bone.

Cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue. Think removal and reshaping.

Living cells within mature bone, trapped in lacunae. They help with remodeling the bone in response to stressors.

Fibrous sheath covering the bone with two parts: an outer layer (for attachment) and inner, osteogenic (bone-producing).

Process of directly producing bone from osteoblasts, without a cartilage precursor. Seen in flat bones of the skull and width of long bones.

Process of replacing cartilage precursor with bone. Forms the length of long bones and vertebrae.

Lack of blood supply to a bone, leading to tissue death and potential sequestrum formation.

A piece of dead bone that has separated from healthy bone during necrosis, often surrounded by viable bone.

A fracture occurring due to trauma in healthy bone, characterized by sharp outlines and external force involvement.

A fracture occurring in weakened or diseased bone. The edges are rounded, and it can be caused by various factors like neoplasia or osteomyelitis.

A fracture involving a joint, ultimately leading to joint disease.

A fracture where a tendon or ligament pulls a bone fragment away from the main bone.

A bacterial infection in foals that often presents as pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia and colitis, leading to sepsis and hematogenous spread to bone.

A non-infectious bone disease in large-breed dogs, typically affecting young dogs between 3-6 months old. It involves necrosis and inflammation of the metaphysis with microfractures, causing lameness, fever, and swelling.

A condition primarily affecting the long bones of large-breed dogs, typically aged 5-12 months. It causes medullary necrosis, fibrosis, and bone proliferation, leading to lameness and pain in the affected bones.

A condition in small toy breed dogs, typically affecting those between 5-8 months old. It involves disruption of blood supply to the femoral head, leading to osteonecrosis, fibrosis, collapse of articular cartilage, and aseptic arthritis.

The smooth, white, gliding tissue covering the ends of bones in a joint. It's made up of 70-80% water and receives nutrients from synovial fluid.

A fibrous membrane that lines the joint cavity, secreting synovial fluid to lubricate the joint. It also plays a role in protecting and nourishing the cartilage.

A process where the articular cartilage becomes worn or damaged, often due to injury, dysplasia, or degenerative changes.

The response of bone to injury or instability. It involves the formation of bony growths (osteophytes) on the edges of the joint.

The thickening and proliferation of the synovial membrane due to injury or inflammation, resulting in joint swelling.

A fibrovascular membrane growing over the articular surfaces of a joint, often caused by chronic inflammation or rheumatoid arthritis.

A condition affecting the vertebral end plates, often accompanied by spondylosis (bony growths). It can lead to pregnancy complications such as abortion or stillbirth.

A viral disease in goats caused by the Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV). It manifests as joint inflammation, progresses to fibrosis (scarring), and can affect other systems like the brain, udder, and lungs.

A viral disease in cats characterized by limb pain and inflammation. The exact cause is unknown, but viral antigens have been found in joint fluid, suggesting an immune-mediated response.

A viral disease in poultry, specifically chickens, caused by Reovirus. It leads to inflammation of tendons around the hock joint, causing lameness and swelling.

A condition in dogs that causes inflammation of multiple joints, potentially leading to degeneration and stiffness. It is an autoimmune disorder resulting from immune system dysfunction.

Deterioration of joint cartilage, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. It occurs due to wear and tear, trauma, or age-related changes in cartilage.

Deposit of uric acid crystals in joints, commonly seen in reptiles and birds. It's usually related to kidney disease, dehydration, or high protein diets.

An infection of joints caused by bacteria, prevalent in pigs. It can lead to inflammation, pain, and joint damage.

Inflammation of the tendons, a condition affecting the tendons that surround joints, often leading to pain, swelling, and difficulty moving.

A congenital abnormality in the iridocorneal angle, resulting in the absence of normal drainage structures.

A group of eye diseases characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), which damages the optic nerve and can lead to blindness.

Normal intraocular pressure (IOP) range.

Glaucoma arises from blockages in the outflow of aqueous humor, not from increased production.

A type of glaucoma where iris tissue expands over the ciliary cleft, obstructing the flow of aqueous humor.

A technique used to diagnose glaucoma by examining the iridocorneal angle.

The blood-ocular barrier prevents the movement of proteins and low-molecular-weight solutes into the anterior chamber and uvea.

Inflammation of the uveal tract, which can disrupt the blood-ocular barrier.

Inflammation of the anterior segment of the uveal tract, including the iris and ciliary body.

A sign of anterior uveitis, characterized by proteins or inflammatory debris floating in the anterior chamber.

A sign of anterior uveitis, caused by spasm of the ciliary muscles, resulting in a small pupil.

The presence of white blood cells (WBCs) in the anterior chamber, often due to inflammatory conditions.

The presence of blood in the anterior chamber.

A sign of anterior uveitis characterized by white cells attached to the posterior side of the cornea.

Congested blood vessels in the iris, typically observed in chronic anterior uveitis.

A normal tissue (like skin or hair) growing in an abnormal location, often on the eyelid, conjunctiva, or cornea.

Inflammation of the eyelids, caused by various factors such as bacterial infection, allergies, parasites, or immune-mediated diseases.

Inflammation of the Meibomian glands, responsible for producing the oil component of tears.

A chronic inflammation of a Meibomian gland, causing a noticeable swelling.

A type of neoplasm (tumor) originating from the Meibomian glands, commonly found in dogs.

Inflammation of the conjunctiva, the lining of the eyelid and the white part of the eye.

A clinical sign of conjunctivitis characterized by swelling of the conjunctiva.

The transparent front surface of the eye that helps focus light.

The white part of the eye, providing structural support.

The junction between the cornea and sclera.

A condition where the Descemet's membrane, a layer in the cornea, separates from the underlying tissue, causing corneal edema.

An ulceration (sore) on the cornea.

An ulceration on the cornea that heals slowly or not at all, but isn't infected.

A deep ulceration on the cornea that's infected.

A deep and thin corneal ulceration that may be about to perforate (burst).

An immune-mediated disorder affecting the cornea, leading to inflammation and pigmentation.

A condition characterized by muscle necrosis and swelling, often due to disrupted blood flow caused by trauma, embolism, or external pressure. It can be fatal in severe cases.

A type of muscle necrosis caused by a blockage of blood flow to the affected area. Examples include thromboembolism due to neoplasia, DIC, or sepsis.

A condition caused by prolonged pressure on muscles, leading to muscle damage and necrosis. Seen in downer cows, dystocia, and animals with bandages or tight wraps.

A condition caused by increased pressure within a muscle compartment, leading to reduced blood flow and muscle damage. Often seen after prolonged recumbency, trauma or anesthesia.

Muscle damage and weakness caused by a deficiency in vitamin E and selenium. Often seen in pigs, ruminants, and horses, presenting with stiffness, arched back, and painful movement.

A specific form of vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency in horses, particularly affecting foals. Presents as weakness, especially in postural muscles, weak sucking, and dysphagia.

A neurogenic atrophy of muscles caused by chronic vitamin E deficiency, seen in horses. It involves oxidative damage causing muscle necrosis and motor neuron degeneration leading to weakness, recumbency, and trembling.

A group of syndromes in young, rapidly growing pigs caused by vitamin E/Selenium deficiency, leading to various muscle problems.

A syndrome in pigs caused by vitamin E/Selenium deficiency, characterized by muscle necrosis in the longissimus dorsi and hind limbs.

A serious condition in pigs caused by vitamin E/Selenium deficiency, leading to microvascular necrosis in the heart and potential sudden death.

A condition in pigs caused by Selenium deficiency, leading to severe liver damage and potential sudden death.

A type of myopathy caused by toxic plants, affecting both skeletal muscles and heart, often with white muscle-like appearance.

A condition in horses caused by the toxic effects of toxins found in box elder trees and sycamore maples, leading to skeletal muscle necrosis and myoglobinuria.

A type of myopathy caused by the use of ionophores, which are antibiotic compounds used as feed additives. They can affect skeletal muscles and heart, with horses being more sensitive.

Muscle damage and breakdown caused by excessive exertion, leading to muscle necrosis and myoglobinuria. Primarily seen in horses and working dogs.

A group of inherited muscle disorders that cause muscle dysfunction due to genetic mutations affecting various processes within the muscle.