Week 6 Part 1

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Questions and Answers

Which hormone is released by the gut and stimulates the gall-bladder to contract?

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

What is the primary function of Cholecystokinin (CCK)?

To contract the gall bladder

What effect does elevating Cholecystokinin (CCK) levels have on food intake in rats?

Reduces food intake

Which hormone stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver, releasing glucose?

Glucagon Signup and view all the answers

How does Glucagon affect food intake in both people and animals?

Reduces food intake Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential marker for short-term energy needs?

Glucose metabolism within cells in the hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What type of food variable can influence feelings of hunger and fullness?

Caloric density, nutrient type, and texture Signup and view all the answers

According to Mayer's glucostatic theory, what did he claim about hunger and blood sugar levels?

Hunger is related to high blood sugar levels in arteries and low levels in veins. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an injection of insulin during an inter-meal period have on hunger, based on Mayer's findings?

It increases hunger. Signup and view all the answers

How does artificially reducing blood sugar levels by 50% affect caloric intake, based on Mayer's research?

It increases caloric intake by 200%. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy used by the brain?

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

What is the logical presumption about the relationship between blood sugar level and hunger according to the text?

Low blood sugar level relates to increased hunger. Signup and view all the answers

What did Mayer find significant correlations between, in relation to hunger?

Differences in blood sugar levels and hunger. Signup and view all the answers

What are the breakdown products of digestion that the text mentions as having an effect on hunger and satiety?

Nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What effect does long-term exposure to fatty diets have on intake?

Reduces intake initially, but may lead to enhanced intake later Signup and view all the answers

What mediates the tendency to eat more low calorie food after exposure to its consequences?

Associative learning Signup and view all the answers

Calorie for calorie, which type of food is more filling than carbohydrate food?

Protein based food Signup and view all the answers

What may result in solid food being more satiating than liquid food?

Rate of gastric emptying Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with lower body weights according to the text?

Crunchier diets Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the factors associated with greater satiety from crunchier diets?

Slower eating rate due to more chewing Signup and view all the answers

What effect does faster gastric emptying have on the satiety of liquid food compared to solid food?

Reduces satiety for liquid food Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the effect of nutrient type on satiety when the vagus nerve connection to the small intestine is cut?

No nutrient type effect is observed Signup and view all the answers

What may occur with long-term exposure to low calorie food?

People tend to eat more of it Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of leptin?

Regulating hunger and satiety based on fat store levels Signup and view all the answers

What happens to leptin levels during fasting or dieting?

They may drop, stimulating appetite Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of leptin deficiency in mice and humans?

It can lead to obesity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of insulin?

Regulating carbohydrate metabolism and blood sugar levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of Type I diabetes?

Absence of insulin Signup and view all the answers

How does artificially raising insulin levels before a meal affect appetite?

It can trigger hunger Signup and view all the answers

Which theory has faced challenges, including the correlation of BSL ratio with hunger and the hunger-inducing effect of artificially raised insulin levels?

Glucostatic theory Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Long-Term Regulation of Body Weight and the Role of Leptin and Insulin

Long-term weight regulation is important for maintaining fat stores during food shortages and adapting to seasonal variations like hibernation and migration.
Lipostatic theory addresses the need to maintain or change long-term body weight, with fat being the body's main energy store.
The body has a set point for fat, and it works to restore weight to this set point if it changes due to environmental or genetic factors.
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a particular set point, and both lipostatic and glucostatic theories are homeostatic models.
Leptin, a hormone secreted by white fat cells, serves as a marker for fat store levels and affects hunger and satiety.
Leptin levels are associated with inhibition of hunger and stimulation of satiety, but during fasting or dieting, leptin levels may drop, stimulating appetite.
Leptin deficiency in mice and humans can lead to obesity, and leptin injections may help reverse this condition, but not in cases of leptin receptor deficiency.
Leptin secretion follows a circadian rhythm, impacting short-term energy intake and potentially contributing to conditions like Night Eating Disorder.
Lipostatic theory has held up well, while the glucostatic theory has faced challenges, including the correlation of BSL ratio with hunger and the hunger-inducing effect of artificially raised insulin levels.
Insulin, a hormone primarily regulating carbohydrate metabolism, plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels and has various metabolic effects.
Type I diabetes results from the absence of insulin, while Type II diabetes, linked to body mass, involves insulin resistance and can lead to long-term complications.
Insulin's effects on appetite are complex, as artificially raising insulin levels before a meal can trigger hunger, and cues to food can also influence appetite.