Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for maintaining vital functions such as heart rate and respiratory rate?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for maintaining vital functions such as heart rate and respiratory rate?
What role do baroreceptors play in the body?
What role do baroreceptors play in the body?
What is the primary function of the vagus nerve?
What is the primary function of the vagus nerve?
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What happens to the body's heart rate when stroke volume decreases?
What happens to the body's heart rate when stroke volume decreases?
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Which layer of the meninges is the thinnest and most fragile?
Which layer of the meninges is the thinnest and most fragile?
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What is hypoperfusion also known as?
What is hypoperfusion also known as?
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Which part of the brain primarily assists with balance and coordination?
Which part of the brain primarily assists with balance and coordination?
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The average heart rate considered normal ranges between what values?
The average heart rate considered normal ranges between what values?
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What is the role of peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)?
What is the role of peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)?
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What are the main functions of the musculoskeletal system?
What are the main functions of the musculoskeletal system?
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Which bones are included in the axial skeleton?
Which bones are included in the axial skeleton?
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What role do tendons and ligaments play in the skeletal system?
What role do tendons and ligaments play in the skeletal system?
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What is the primary purpose of the respiratory system?
What is the primary purpose of the respiratory system?
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Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for warming, filtering, and humidifying the air?
Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for warming, filtering, and humidifying the air?
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In the context of breathing, what does inhalation involve?
In the context of breathing, what does inhalation involve?
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What is the function of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?
What is the function of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?
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How many vertebrae are present in the cervical spine?
How many vertebrae are present in the cervical spine?
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Which of the following statements about the ribs is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the ribs is accurate?
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What are the three main types of muscle tissue?
What are the three main types of muscle tissue?
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The axial skeleton is made up of bones such as the skull, spine, and pelvis.
The axial skeleton is made up of bones such as the skull, spine, and pelvis.
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The mandible is known as the only movable bone in the face.
The mandible is known as the only movable bone in the face.
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The respiratory system's primary role is to supply carbon dioxide to the body.
The respiratory system's primary role is to supply carbon dioxide to the body.
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The rib cage consists of 12 pairs of ribs, all of which connect directly to the sternum.
The rib cage consists of 12 pairs of ribs, all of which connect directly to the sternum.
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The functions of the skeletal system include providing shape, movement, and mineral storage.
The functions of the skeletal system include providing shape, movement, and mineral storage.
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During inhalation, both the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.
During inhalation, both the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.
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The parietal pleura is the innermost lining surrounding the lungs.
The parietal pleura is the innermost lining surrounding the lungs.
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Smooth muscle is under voluntary control and can be consciously controlled.
Smooth muscle is under voluntary control and can be consciously controlled.
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The femur is the longest and strongest bone in the human body.
The femur is the longest and strongest bone in the human body.
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The trachea is part of the upper airway in the respiratory system.
The trachea is part of the upper airway in the respiratory system.
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Cardiac output is defined as the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute.
Cardiac output is defined as the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute.
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The average heart rate is typically over 100 beats per minute.
The average heart rate is typically over 100 beats per minute.
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Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one contraction.
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one contraction.
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The vagus nerve is the first cranial nerve.
The vagus nerve is the first cranial nerve.
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Hypoperfusion is synonymous with adequate perfusion.
Hypoperfusion is synonymous with adequate perfusion.
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The brain has no regenerative capacity like other tissues in the body.
The brain has no regenerative capacity like other tissues in the body.
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The cerebral spinal fluid is produced in the second ventricle of the brain.
The cerebral spinal fluid is produced in the second ventricle of the brain.
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The skull is the only bone in the body that moves.
The skull is the only bone in the body that moves.
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The central nervous system consists of the brain and peripheral nerves.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and peripheral nerves.
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Increased resistance in blood vessels occurs when they dilate.
Increased resistance in blood vessels occurs when they dilate.
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Study Notes
Body Systems Overview
- Human anatomy and physiology topics include locating body organs, musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, nervous system, digestive system, integumentary system, endocrine system, renal system, and reproductive systems (male and female).
- Visualization is essential; use illustrations as overlays on patients to understand internal structures and potential issues.
- Topography/landmarks (e.g., elbows, wrists, clavicles, mid-clavicular lines) are used to locate features on the body.
- Physical assessment involves touching patients for tissue/bone irregularities.
- Auscultation (listening with a stethoscope) is used to assess breathing, heartbeats, and other sounds (e.g., bowel, lung sounds).
Musculoskeletal System
- Main functions: shape, protection of vital organs, body movement.
- Skeletal system: Provides support, protection, mineral storage, and movement.
- Tendons connect muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones.
- Axial skeleton (skull, spine, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (shoulders, upper/lower extremities, pelvis).
- Skull: Cranium (frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal bones) and face (mandible, maxilla/maxillae, nasal, zygomatic bones, orbits).
- Spinal column: 33 vertebrae (cervical [7], thoracic [12], lumbar [5], sacral [5 fused], coccyx [4 fused]).
- Thorax: Sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process), ribs (1-12, floating ribs 11 & 12); rib cage protects heart, lungs, major blood vessels.
- Pelvis: Ilium, ischium, pubis.
- Lower extremities: Femur (largest/strongest bone), patella (kneecap), tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges (toe bones).
- Upper extremities: Clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade), acromion process, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges (finger bones).
- Joints: Ball-and-socket, hinge, saddle, condyloid, plane joints.
- Muscles: Voluntary (skeletal), involuntary (smooth), cardiac.
Respiratory System
- Primary function: gas exchange (inhaling O2, exhaling CO2).
- Upper airway: Warms, filters, and humidifies air.
- Lower airway: Filters air and facilitates gas exchange.
- Pharynx: Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx (epiglottis, vocal cords).
- Larynx: Voice box, contains vocal cords; thyroid and cricoid cartilages protect airway.
- Trachea: Main passageway for air.
- Bronchi: Branches of trachea.
- Bronchioles: Smaller airway passages.
- Alveoli: Tiny sacs in lungs where gas exchange occurs.
- Lungs: Divided into lobes (3 right, 2 left).
- Pleura: Lining of chest cavity (parietal and visceral pleura); fluid between layers allows for smooth movement.
- Inspiration (inhalation): Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, creating negative pressure; active process.
- Expiration (exhalation): Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, creating positive pressure; passive process.
- Accessory muscles: Used during labored breathing (e.g., neck, shoulder, and abdominal muscles).
- Abnormal breathing patterns: Cheyne-Stokes, Kussmaul, central neurogenic hyperventilation, ataxic, apnea, agonal, apneustic.
- Breathing sounds: Wheezing (bronchoconstriction), stridor (upper airway obstruction), snoring (partial airway blockage), gurgling (fluid in airway), rales (fluid in lungs), rhonchi (mucus buildup), diminished/absent sounds.
- Children's airways are narrower and more easily obstructed than adults'.
- Ventilation vs. Respiration: Ventilation is the movement of air, respiration is gas exchange.
- External respiration: Occurs in the lungs; oxygen into alveoli, CO2 out of blood.
- Internal respiration: Occurs in the cells; oxygen into cells, CO2 into blood.
- Gas content in inhaled/exhaled air: 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.04% CO2, small % water, variable amounts.
- Chemoreceptors: Central (detect CO2) and peripheral (detect O2) in carotid arteries and aorta.
- Normal breathing rates differ across age groups (adult: 12-20 breaths/minute, child: 15-30 breaths/minute, infant: 25-60 breaths/minute).
Cardiovascular System
- Components: Heart (pump), blood vessels (pipes), blood (fluid).
- Heart chambers: 2 atria (upper), 2 ventricles (lower).
- Right side of heart: Low-pressure pump to lungs.
- Left side of heart: High-pressure pump to body.
- Blood flow path: Right atrium to right ventricle to lungs to left atrium to left ventricle to body.
- Coronary arteries/veins: Nourish heart muscle.
- Blood flow: Oxygen-rich (red) blood delivered to body; CO2-rich (blue) blood returned to the heart.
- Valves: Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic.
- Blood vessels: Arteries (aorta, pulmonary artery), arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins (vena cava); superior and inferior vena cava.
- External/internal respiration: Same process; external is in the lungs, internal in the cells.
- Blood composition: Plasma (55%), white blood cells (leukocytes, 4%), platelets (thrombocytes, 4%), red blood cells (erythrocytes, 41%).
- Hemoglobin: Carries oxygen and CO2.
- Blood volume varies across age groups (newborn: 300 mL, child: 2-3 liters, adult: 4-6 liters).
- Pulse: Pressure wave of blood flowing through arteries, felt at peripheral pulse points.
- Peripheral pulse points: Radial, brachial, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis.
- Central pulse points: Carotid, femoral.
- Normal pulse rates vary across age groups (adult: 60-100 bpm, child: 70-130 bpm, infant: 80-140 bpm).
- Cardiac output: Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute (heart rate x stroke volume); maintain homeostasis.
- Blood pressure: Force of blood against vessel walls (systolic/diastolic).
- Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR); size of vessels and tone controls resistance, affecting blood pressure.
- Baroreceptors: Detect blood pressure changes; adjust heart rate/stroke volume, to maintain perfusion.
- Hypoperfusion/shock: Inadequate perfusion; body struggling to maintain blood flow, resulting in potential organ or bodily issues.
Nervous System
- Divisions: Central (brain, spinal cord), peripheral (other nerves).
- Peripheral subdivisions: Autonomic (sympathetic, parasympathetic), voluntary.
- Brain components: Cerebrum (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes), cerebellum (balance/coordination, fine motor skills), brainstem (medulla oblongata, cardiac/respiratory/vasomotor centers, reticular activating system).
- Brain stem structures: Medulla oblongata, midbrain, pons, cerebellum.
- Meninges: Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater; protect brain and spinal cord.
- Spinal cord: 17-18 inches, ends at L2, all sensory/motor nerves connect here.
- Cranial nerves: Oculomotor (controls pupil constriction, used to assess brain function during the emergency). Vagus nerve (affects heart rate), phrenic nerve (controls diaphragm; critical for breathing).
- Cranial nerve assessment: Pupil response to light (oculomotor); evaluate pupils' constriction and dilation.
- Altered level of consciousness: Early sign of brain dysfunction; brain needs constant O2 and glucose.
Other Systems
- Lymphatic system: Fluid balance, infection-fighting.
- Lymphoid organs: Tonsils, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes.
- Digestive system: Processes food, extracts nutrients, removes waste. Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, appendix; four abdominal quadrants.
- Integumentary system (skin): Protection, water balance, temperature regulation, excretion, impact absorption. Layers: Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer.
- Endocrine system: Secretes hormones. Common glands: Adrenal gland (epinephrine/norepinephrine), pancreas (insulin), ovaries (estrogen), testes (testosterone); hormones influence various physiological processes.
- Renal/urinary system: Regulates fluid levels, filters toxins, adjusts pH. Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra; Kidneys in the retroperitoneal space.
- Reproductive systems: Male (testes, penis), Female (ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina).
Additional Notes
- Body systems work in coordination to maintain homeostasis.
- EMTs assess for signs of respiratory/cardiac/nervous system distress.
- Understanding normal/abnormal vital signs is critical (especially amongst different age groups). Assessing vital signs is critical in identifying deviations from normal. Recognizing breathing rate as well as the pattern, quality, and audible noises. Assessing heart rate and the rhythm and the strength for both peripheral pulse points and central pulse points.
- Recognizing abnormal breathing patterns and sounds (e.g., wheezing, stridor, gurgling, rales, rhonchi, diminished/absent lung sounds).
- Altered mental status as an indicator that oxygen may not be getting to brain as well. Additional factors including pain, discomfort, and anxiety may indicate distress.
- Understanding the relationship between respiration, and perfusion; appropriate interventions are crucial.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various human body systems including the musculoskeletal, respiratory, cardiovascular, and more. This quiz emphasizes the importance of visualization, topography, and physical assessment techniques used in anatomy and physiology. Perfect for students and professionals in healthcare fields.
