Podcast
Questions and Answers
True or false: Serous membranes consist of two layers, the parietal layer and the visceral layer?
True or false: Serous membranes consist of two layers, the parietal layer and the visceral layer?
True
True or false: Serous membranes are found lining body cavities that open up directly to the outside?
True or false: Serous membranes are found lining body cavities that open up directly to the outside?
False
True or false: Mucous membranes are found lining cavities that directly open up to the outside of the body?
True or false: Mucous membranes are found lining cavities that directly open up to the outside of the body?
True
True or false: Synovial membranes consist of both epithelial and connective tissue?
True or false: Synovial membranes consist of both epithelial and connective tissue?
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True or false: Cutaneous membranes are organs of the integumentary system?
True or false: Cutaneous membranes are organs of the integumentary system?
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True or false: The integumentary system is composed of the skin and various accessory organs?
True or false: The integumentary system is composed of the skin and various accessory organs?
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True or false: The surface area of the skin varies between 1.2 to 2.2 square meters?
True or false: The surface area of the skin varies between 1.2 to 2.2 square meters?
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True or false: The skin makes up about 7% of overall body weight?
True or false: The skin makes up about 7% of overall body weight?
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True or false: The integumentary system includes sweat glands, oil glands, hair, finger nails, and toe nails?
True or false: The integumentary system includes sweat glands, oil glands, hair, finger nails, and toe nails?
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True or false: The body has 1.5 to 4 cutaneous membranes?
True or false: The body has 1.5 to 4 cutaneous membranes?
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True or false: The epidermis is composed primarily of a stratified squamous epithelium.
True or false: The epidermis is composed primarily of a stratified squamous epithelium.
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True or false: The stratum corneum is the deepest single cell layer of the epidermis.
True or false: The stratum corneum is the deepest single cell layer of the epidermis.
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True or false: Melanocytes are responsible for producing melanin, which gives color to the skin.
True or false: Melanocytes are responsible for producing melanin, which gives color to the skin.
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True or false: The dermis is the outermost layer of the skin.
True or false: The dermis is the outermost layer of the skin.
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True or false: Sweat glands are exocrine glands that produce and release sweat.
True or false: Sweat glands are exocrine glands that produce and release sweat.
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True or false: Eccrine sweat glands open up directly onto the skin surface.
True or false: Eccrine sweat glands open up directly onto the skin surface.
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True or false: Sebaceous glands release a fatty oil-like substance called Sebum.
True or false: Sebaceous glands release a fatty oil-like substance called Sebum.
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True or false: Hair follicles are present on all skin surfaces except palms and lips.
True or false: Hair follicles are present on all skin surfaces except palms and lips.
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True or false: The hair root grows from dividing cells at the base of the hair follicle.
True or false: The hair root grows from dividing cells at the base of the hair follicle.
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True or false: The amount of melanin produced by melanocytes determines hair color.
True or false: The amount of melanin produced by melanocytes determines hair color.
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True or false: Melanin is the pigment responsible for red hair.
True or false: Melanin is the pigment responsible for red hair.
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True or false: The arrector pili muscles cause the hair strand to stand up and the surface of the skin to bulge upward.
True or false: The arrector pili muscles cause the hair strand to stand up and the surface of the skin to bulge upward.
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True or false: Sensory receptors in the skin are mostly located in the epidermis layer.
True or false: Sensory receptors in the skin are mostly located in the epidermis layer.
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True or false: Acne is caused by a bacterial infection of the sweat glands.
True or false: Acne is caused by a bacterial infection of the sweat glands.
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True or false: Athlete's foot is a viral infection commonly found on the soles and between the toes of the feet.
True or false: Athlete's foot is a viral infection commonly found on the soles and between the toes of the feet.
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True or false: Moles are pigmented tumors that can vary in color.
True or false: Moles are pigmented tumors that can vary in color.
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True or false: Third-degree burns only affect the epidermis and part of the dermis.
True or false: Third-degree burns only affect the epidermis and part of the dermis.
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True or false: Third-degree burns result in the destruction of the entire thickness of the skin.
True or false: Third-degree burns result in the destruction of the entire thickness of the skin.
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True or false: Heat loss is a major concern in cases of severe burns.
True or false: Heat loss is a major concern in cases of severe burns.
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True or false: Skin cancers are classified into three main types.
True or false: Skin cancers are classified into three main types.
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Study Notes
Body Membranes
- Thin sheet-like structures consisting of an epithelium overlying a connective tissue (except for one exception)
- Serous membranes: found lining body cavities that do not open directly to the outside
- Types: Peritoneum (abdominopelvic cavity), Pleura (pleural cavities), Pericardium (pericardial cavity)
- Mucous membranes: found lining cavities that directly open to the outside of the body
- "Moist" membranes bathed by fluid, some contain goblet cells (mucus-secreting cells)
- Examples: digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts
- Synovial membranes: form the inner lining of joint cavities (connective tissue only)
Integumentary System
- Composed of skin and other various accessory organs
- Accessory organs include sweat glands, oil glands, hair, finger nails, and toe nails
- Characteristics of skin:
- Surface area: 1.2 to 2.2 square meters (varies)
- Weight: about 7% of overall body weight
- Thickness: 1.5 to 4.0 mm
- Primary skin functions:
- Protection against invading pathogens
- Water loss regulation
- Ultraviolet radiation protection
- Regulation of body temperature
- Houses receptors for general cutaneous sensations
Skin Layers
- Epidermis:
- Outermost layer, composed primarily of stratified squamous epithelium
- Avascular and limited sensory innervation
- Divided into 4 (thin skin) or 5 (thick skin) layers depending on location
- Dermis:
- Connective tissue layer found below the epidermis
- Semi-fluid matrix with embedded protein fibers
- Contains many of the connective tissue proper cells (fibroblasts, macrophages)
- Sublayers of dermis:
- Papillary dermis: outermost superficial layer consisting of areolar CT and small blood vessels
- Reticular dermis: accounts for 80% of dermis thickness, contains collagen fibers in bundles and networks
Sweat Glands
- Tiny tube-like exocrine glands with coiled ends lined with epithelial cells that produce and release sweat
- Types:
- Eccrine sweat glands: most numerous, activated in times of elevated body temperature
- Apocrine sweat glands: approximately 2000, become active at puberty, produce sweat in response to emotional stimuli
Hair Follicles
- Present on all skin surfaces except palms, lips, nipples, and parts of external reproductive organs
- Tube-like depressions of the epidermis and dermis containing the hair root
- Hair color is genetically determined by the amount of melanin produced by melanocytes
Sensory Receptors
- Respond to changes in the surrounding environment
- Most are limited to the dermis layer
- Types:
- Touch: Merkel's disks, Meissner's corpuscles
- Pressure: Pacinian corpuscle
- Heat: Ruffini's endings, pain nerve endings (extreme)
- Cold: Krause end bulbs, pain nerve endings (extreme)
- Pain: Free nerve endings
Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis)
- Consists of a loose fibrous connective tissue and adipose tissue
- Collagen and elastic fibers are continuous with dermis
- Adipose tissue thickness varies from one body region to another
Common Skin Disorders
- Acne: inflammatory disease of sebaceous glands
- Athlete's foot: fungal infection often present on the soles and between the toes of the feet
- Decubitus ulcers: tissue damage and ulcerations due to deficiency of blood flow
- Impetigo: highly contagious bacterial skin infection
- Moles: pigmented tumors found in skin
- Warts: result of viral invasion of the skin
- Burns: tissue damage due to thermal, electrical, radioactive, or chemical agents
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Description
Test your knowledge on body membranes and their structure with this quiz. Learn about the different types of serous membranes and their layers. Explore how these thin sheet-like structures function in various body cavities.
