Chapter 4: Skin and Body Membranes

Questions and Answers

How do the body locations of serous and mucous membranes differ?

Serous membranes line ventral body cavities closed to the exterior, while mucous membranes line body cavities open to the exterior.

Name the six serous membrane layers the scalpel passes through when penetrating the heart.

Parietal pleura, visceral pleura (lung), visceral pleura, parietal pleura, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium (heart).

Where would you find a synovial membrane?

Lining a fibrous capsule surrounding a joint.

Explain the relationships between the words skin, cutaneous membrane, integument, and integumentary system.

The skin is the epithelial membrane covering the body; cutaneous membrane is a synonym for skin; integument means 'covering'; the integumentary system includes skin and its derivatives like hair and nails. Signup and view all the answers

What cell type is most abundant in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes. Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis produces new epidermal cells?

The stratum basale. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the skin layer where excess shedding of dead cells from the scalp causes dandruff?

The stratum corneum. Signup and view all the answers

In which epidermal layer do cells begin to die?

Cells begin to die as they leave the stratum granulosum. Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are responsible for fingerprints?

The dermal papillae in the papillary layer of the dermis. Signup and view all the answers

Which layer(s) of the skin has/have been cut if you just got a paper cut that doesn't bleed?

Just the epidermis. Signup and view all the answers

What pigments determine skin color?

Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the cutaneous gland types can make your hair limp and oily?

The sebaceous glands. Signup and view all the answers

How do secretions of apocrine glands differ from those of the eccrine sweat glands?

Apocrine secretions contain proteins and fatty acids, whereas eccrine glands mainly secrete dilute salt solutions containing vitamins and wastes. Signup and view all the answers

Will a nail grow back if the entire nail, matrix, and bed are torn off? Why or why not?

No, the nail won't regrow because the growth region (nail matrix) is torn off. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two life-threatening consequences of a severe burn?

Loss of body fluids containing needed proteins and electrolytes leading to circulatory shock, and overwhelming infection. Signup and view all the answers

What are the criteria for classifying burns as first-, second-, third-, or fourth-degree?

First-degree burns are red and swollen (only epidermis damaged); second-degree burns damage epidermis and part of dermis (blisters appear); third-degree burns destroy entire skin thickness (gray and painless); fourth-degree burns extend into deep tissues like muscle or bone. Signup and view all the answers

What name is given to the rule for recognizing the signs of melanoma?

ABCDE rule. Signup and view all the answers

What is the single most common risk factor for skin cancer?

UV radiation exposure (sun or tanning bed). Signup and view all the answers

Why do no skin cancers develop from stratum corneum cells?

Because stratum corneum cells are dead and thus no longer are dividing. Signup and view all the answers

What change in aging skin accounts for wrinkles and cold intolerance in older adults?

Loss of subcutaneous fat. Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of the vernix caseosa that covers the skin of the newborn baby?

The sebaceous glands of the baby. Signup and view all the answers

Select the one false statement about mucous and serous membranes.

Serous membranes line body cavities open to the exterior. Signup and view all the answers

Which is not a component of sweat?

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is not associated with hair?

Lunule Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is not associated with the production of perspiration?

Arrector pili Signup and view all the answers

Match the structures on the right with their function listed on the left:

Protection from ultraviolet radiation = Melanocytes Insulation, energy storage = Hypodermis Waterproofing and preventing water loss = Stratum corneum Temperature regulation = Dermal blood supply Excretion of water, urea, and salts = Eccrine sweat glands Produces the patterns for fingerprints = Papillary layer of the dermis Signup and view all the answers

If this were an image of thick skin from the bottom of your foot, where would the stratum lucidum be located?

Stratum lucidum is located between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. Signup and view all the answers

Would you expect to see hair regeneration in an area that suffers third-degree burns? Why or why not?

No. Third-degree burns destroy both the epidermis and dermis in that region, so hair follicles would have been destroyed. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these cancers arises from the most superficial epidermal cells?

Squamous cell carcinoma. Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the epidermis?

The epidermis is composed of up to five layers. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Serous and Mucous Membranes

Serous membranes line closed body cavities (e.g., thoracic), while mucous membranes line cavities open to the exterior (e.g., respiratory and digestive tracts).
In a scalpel injury from the left lung to the heart, layers passed include parietal pleura, visceral pleura (lung), parietal pericardium, and visceral pericardium (heart).
Synovial membranes are found lining joint capsules.

Skin (Cutaneous Membrane)

Skin serves as the protective covering for the body; also known as cutaneous membrane or integument.
The integumentary system includes the skin and its derivatives (nails, hair, glands).
Keratinocytes are the primary cell type found in the epidermis.
New epidermal cells are produced in the stratum basale, the deepest layer of the epidermis.
The outermost layer of skin, the stratum corneum, consists of dead cells contributing to dandruff.

Layers and Functions of the Epidermis

Cells start to die when leaving the stratum granulosum.
Fingerprints arise from dermal papillae within the papillary layer of the dermis.
A superficial cut that doesn’t bleed implies damage limited to the epidermis.

Skin Color and Glands

Skin color is determined by melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin.
Sebaceous glands produce oily secretions that can make hair limp.
Apocrine glands secrete substances with proteins and fatty acids, unlike eccrine glands, which produce a dilute salt solution.

Nail Growth and Burns

A nail will not regrow if both the nail matrix and nail bed are torn off during injury.
Severe burns can lead to life-threatening consequences such as loss of fluids leading to shock and infection.
Burns are classified based on depth: first-degree (epidermis only), second-degree (epidermis + partial dermis), third-degree (full skin thickness, may involve deeper tissues), and fourth-degree (extend to muscle or bone).

Melanoma and Skin Cancer

The ABCDE rule helps to identify signs of melanoma.
UV radiation is the primary risk factor for skin cancer.
Stratum corneum cells do not develop skin cancer due to being non-dividing dead cells.

Aging and Subcutaneous Changes

Wrinkles and cold intolerance in aging result from the loss of subcutaneous fat.
The vernix caseosa, which covers a newborn's skin, originates from the baby’s sebaceous glands.

Miscellaneous Facts

Mucous membranes do not always produce mucus, and serous membranes do not always secrete serous fluid.
Sweat components exclude sebum and vitamin D.
Nails are not associated with a nail follicle, and the arrector pili does not produce perspiration.
Principal skin structures include melanocytes (UV protection), hypodermis (insulation), stratum corneum (waterproofing), among others.

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Test your understanding of skin and body membranes with these flashcards. Learn about the differences between serous and mucous membranes, and explore their anatomical locations and functions. Perfect for revision of Chapter 4!