29 Questions
What effect does the rapid spread of excitation in the ventricles have on contractions?
Enhances force of contraction
Why does pressure in the aorta fall as blood continues to flow to the tissues?
Increased venous return
What occurs as a result of increased sympathetic drive to the ventricles and increased venous return?
Increased cardiac output
How do high potassium levels affect cardiac contractility?
Decrease contractility
What is the sequence of events between electrical and mechanical activity in the heart?
Electrical event precedes mechanical event
What is the role of plasma bilirubin in the body?
It is converted to biliverdin in the liver.
Which of the following statements is true about intracellular fluid?
Its intracellular pH is lower due to cellular metabolism.
Which of the following statements is true about red blood cell membrane components?
A, B, and D antigens are more immunogenic than the others.
What is the normal lifespan of an erythrocyte?
16-18 weeks
Which of the following statements about body fluids is true?
ADH in the extracts inhibits water excretion by the kidneys.
Which of the following is a factor that influences body fluid distribution?
All of the above
What happens to Ca2⫹ levels in chronic renal failure due to PO4 retention?
They fall to maintain a constant [Ca2⫹] [PO4⫺] product
How does isotonic saline affect extracellular and intracellular fluid volumes?
It increases ECF more than ICF volume
What is the effect of 10 per cent dextrose on energy provision for a sedentary adult for one day?
It provides insufficient energy
How does a suspension of lipids compare to a suspension of carbohydrates in terms of energy provision?
Lipids provide 2-3 times more energy than carbohydrates
What is the impact of isotonic (5 per cent) dextrose on total body water in the average adult?
It raises total body water by 1-5 per cent
In patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), what happens to neutrophils compared to lymphocytes?
Neutrophils are more affected than lymphocytes
What is the main cause of non-respiratory acidosis in the first patient?
Severe renal failure
What is the primary effect of hyperventilation in the first patient?
Lowering the carbon dioxide level
What causes hyperventilation at high altitudes?
Hypoxic hypoxia
What is the primary cause of metabolic alkalosis in the last scenario?
Ingestion of large amounts of sodium bicarbonate
What is the primary effect of metabolic alkalosis on the body?
Increases the binding of available calcium ions in the blood
How is metabolic alkalosis compensated in the body?
By allowing the carbon dioxide level to rise
Which type of blood cell is responsible for ingesting invading bacteria?
Neutrophil polymorphonuclear
Which condition involves abnormal white cells invading the bone marrow?
Leukaemia
Which blood cell is the smallest cellular element in the blood?
Platelet
Which factor is mainly responsible for opposing the leak of fluid out of capillaries?
Plasma albumin
Which lipid-related topic provides the most energy per unit mass?
Source of energy
Which condition is a risk factor for coronary artery disease?
High levels of cholesterol
Test your knowledge on body fluids with multiple-choice questions covering topics like calcium concentration, vasoconstriction factors, and fibrinolysis inhibition. Check your understanding of plasma bilirubin properties and functions.
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