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Questions and Answers
Which factor is most important in distinguishing the correct answer from distractors?
Which factor is most important in distinguishing the correct answer from distractors?
What is a key principle when constructing the stem of a question?
What is a key principle when constructing the stem of a question?
Which of the following practices should be avoided when creating distractors?
Which of the following practices should be avoided when creating distractors?
What is an ideal characteristic of the answer options?
What is an ideal characteristic of the answer options?
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Why is it important to use plausible distractors in multiple choice questions?
Why is it important to use plausible distractors in multiple choice questions?
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What primarily drives the process of diffusion in capillary exchange?
What primarily drives the process of diffusion in capillary exchange?
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What is the term for the movement of fluid from capillaries to interstitial fluid due to pressure differences?
What is the term for the movement of fluid from capillaries to interstitial fluid due to pressure differences?
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Which pressure plays a significant role in pulling water into the capillaries?
Which pressure plays a significant role in pulling water into the capillaries?
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At which end of the capillary is reabsorption more likely to occur?
At which end of the capillary is reabsorption more likely to occur?
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What is the approximate amount of fluid reabsorbed daily from the capillaries?
What is the approximate amount of fluid reabsorbed daily from the capillaries?
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Which statement best describes the role of lymphatic capillaries in fluid exchange?
Which statement best describes the role of lymphatic capillaries in fluid exchange?
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What happens in the mid-capillary region regarding fluid movement?
What happens in the mid-capillary region regarding fluid movement?
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What is the primary reason more fluid exits capillaries at the arterial end than reenters at the venous end?
What is the primary reason more fluid exits capillaries at the arterial end than reenters at the venous end?
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What force drives the mass movement of fluids in bulk flow through capillaries?
What force drives the mass movement of fluids in bulk flow through capillaries?
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Which of the following roles is NOT associated with sodium in the body?
Which of the following roles is NOT associated with sodium in the body?
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Which electrolyte is primarily responsible for muscle activities and nerve impulse transmission?
Which electrolyte is primarily responsible for muscle activities and nerve impulse transmission?
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What condition is characterized by a decrease in plasma sodium concentration?
What condition is characterized by a decrease in plasma sodium concentration?
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Which of the following factors contributes to the sodium gradient serving as a source of potential energy?
Which of the following factors contributes to the sodium gradient serving as a source of potential energy?
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What is the daily amount of fluid filtered by capillaries that is picked up by the lymphatic system?
What is the daily amount of fluid filtered by capillaries that is picked up by the lymphatic system?
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Which of the following statements about potassium intake is true?
Which of the following statements about potassium intake is true?
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Which clinical condition is caused by an addition of excess water to extracellular fluid?
Which clinical condition is caused by an addition of excess water to extracellular fluid?
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What percentage of body weight does water constitute in a typical male adult?
What percentage of body weight does water constitute in a typical male adult?
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How is the total body water distributed between intracellular and extracellular compartments?
How is the total body water distributed between intracellular and extracellular compartments?
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What is the primary component of the extracellular fluid compartment?
What is the primary component of the extracellular fluid compartment?
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Which of the following statements about body fluid compartments is correct?
Which of the following statements about body fluid compartments is correct?
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At what percentage does water contribute to the body weight of an infant?
At what percentage does water contribute to the body weight of an infant?
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What is a primary cause of hyponatremia due to water retention?
What is a primary cause of hyponatremia due to water retention?
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Which condition is characterized by an observable swelling due to fluid accumulation?
Which condition is characterized by an observable swelling due to fluid accumulation?
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What best describes the relationship between plasma and interstitial fluid?
What best describes the relationship between plasma and interstitial fluid?
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Which of the following compartments is not part of the extracellular fluid?
Which of the following compartments is not part of the extracellular fluid?
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What best describes a cause of hypernatremia?
What best describes a cause of hypernatremia?
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What percentage of total body water does the plasma compartment represent in adults?
What percentage of total body water does the plasma compartment represent in adults?
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Which mechanism does NOT contribute to the formation of edema?
Which mechanism does NOT contribute to the formation of edema?
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What effect does decreased protein in the blood have on capillary function?
What effect does decreased protein in the blood have on capillary function?
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What type of edema occurs only in a specific part of the body?
What type of edema occurs only in a specific part of the body?
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What is the primary cause of pitting edema?
What is the primary cause of pitting edema?
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Which grading indicates a minimal indentation that rebounds immediately in pitting edema?
Which grading indicates a minimal indentation that rebounds immediately in pitting edema?
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Which type of edema does NOT produce a persistent indentation when pressure is applied?
Which type of edema does NOT produce a persistent indentation when pressure is applied?
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What are the three components of the control system involved in maintaining homeostasis?
What are the three components of the control system involved in maintaining homeostasis?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical mechanism that influences homeostasis?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical mechanism that influences homeostasis?
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Which cell organelle is primarily responsible for energy production?
Which cell organelle is primarily responsible for energy production?
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What is the role of antibodies in medical physiology?
What is the role of antibodies in medical physiology?
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Which of the following components is found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following components is found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?
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How can mutations in genes lead to cancer?
How can mutations in genes lead to cancer?
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What is the primary role of plasma proteins in relation to capillaries?
What is the primary role of plasma proteins in relation to capillaries?
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Which plasma protein is considered the most osmotically active?
Which plasma protein is considered the most osmotically active?
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What is a common consequence of decreased plasma proteins in the blood?
What is a common consequence of decreased plasma proteins in the blood?
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Which factor is associated with increased capillary permeability?
Which factor is associated with increased capillary permeability?
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What condition results from impaired lymph flow?
What condition results from impaired lymph flow?
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Which of the following factors could lead to decreased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure?
Which of the following factors could lead to decreased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure?
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What type of edema affects only certain parts of the body?
What type of edema affects only certain parts of the body?
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What is a possible cause of edema following a burn injury?
What is a possible cause of edema following a burn injury?
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What triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in response to water and electrolyte loss?
What triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in response to water and electrolyte loss?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for water retention in response to increased osmolarity?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for water retention in response to increased osmolarity?
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What effect does excessive ADH retention have on sodium concentration in the plasma?
What effect does excessive ADH retention have on sodium concentration in the plasma?
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Which factor is NOT considered essential for maintaining homeostasis?
Which factor is NOT considered essential for maintaining homeostasis?
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How does physical maintenance influence homeostasis?
How does physical maintenance influence homeostasis?
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What is a consequence of chemical toxins on cellular function?
What is a consequence of chemical toxins on cellular function?
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Which statement best describes the relationship between physical and mental health?
Which statement best describes the relationship between physical and mental health?
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What type of diseases can result from genetic mutations?
What type of diseases can result from genetic mutations?
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What role does the effector play in a control system?
What role does the effector play in a control system?
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How does negative feedback contribute to homeostasis?
How does negative feedback contribute to homeostasis?
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What is an example of positive feedback in physiological processes?
What is an example of positive feedback in physiological processes?
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What is a potential risk associated with harmful positive feedback?
What is a potential risk associated with harmful positive feedback?
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What triggers the secretion of anti diuretic hormone (ADH) in the water balance system?
What triggers the secretion of anti diuretic hormone (ADH) in the water balance system?
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In the context of water balance, what happens when water content of the body decreases?
In the context of water balance, what happens when water content of the body decreases?
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Which statement accurately describes positive feedback in the body?
Which statement accurately describes positive feedback in the body?
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Which of the following is an essential characteristic of negative feedback?
Which of the following is an essential characteristic of negative feedback?
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Study Notes
Body Fluid Compartments
- Body fluid is distributed between the intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) compartments
- ICF contains fluid within all the cells and comprises about 2/3 of total body water.
- ECF contains all fluids outside cells, including interstitial fluid and plasma, accounting for 1/3 of total body water.
- Transcellular fluid is a specialized type of ECF.
- ICF constitutes about 40% of total body weight.
- ECF constitutes about 1/3 of total body water.
- Interstitial fluid is about 3/4 of ECF
- Plasma is almost 1/4 of ECF
Fluid Exchange
- Plasma exchanges substances with interstitial fluid through capillary membrane pores.
- ICF and ECF are in continuous exchange.
Capillary Exchange of Fluids and Electrolytes
- Fluid and electrolyte exchange is primarily mediated by: diffusion and bulk flow.
- Diffusion allows movement of small molecules down concentration gradients.
- Bulk flow is mass movement of fluids and solutes due to pressure differences.
Capillary Pressure and Filtration
- Hydrostatic pressure pushes water out of the capillary - higher pressure results in more fluid leaving.
- Colloidal osmotic pressure pulls water into the capillary - higher protein concentration results in more fluid being pulled in.
- These opposing forces determine net filtration or reabsorption.
The Role of Lymphatic Capillaries
- More fluid exits the capillary at the arterial end via filtration than enters through absorption at the venous end, resulting in about 24 L filtered daily and 20.4 L reabsorbed.
- The excess fluid is collected and returned to the circulatory system via the lymphatic system.
Functions of Major Electrolytes (Sodium and Potassium)
- Sodium is responsible for resting membrane potentials, accounts for 90-95% of ECF osmolarity, and determines total body water and water distribution.
- Sodium gradient is a source of energy for cotransport of other solutes.
- Sodium-potassium pump generates body heat.
- Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) buffers pH in ECF.
Functions of Potassium
- Major intracellular cation.
- Extracellular potassium influences skeletal and cardiac muscle activities.
- Essential for transmission of nerve impulses.
- Involved in acid-base balance, protein biosynthesis, and insulin secretion.
Clinical Abnormalities of Electrolytes Imbalance
Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
- Sodium accounts for >90% of ECF solute, with normal level being 142 mEq/L.
Hyponatremia: Decrease in plasma sodium concentration
- Causes: Loss of sodium chloride from ECF (diarrhea, vomiting, Addison's disease), or excess water retention (dilutes sodium).
Hypernatremia: Increase in plasma sodium concentration
- Causes: Loss of water from ECF (dehydration), or excess sodium chloride added to ECF (excessive aldosterone secretion).
Edema
- Observable swelling caused by fluid accumulation in the interstitial space.
- Becomes evident when interstitial fluid volume increases by 2.5 to 3 liters.
Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Edema Formation
- Increased capillary filtration pressure: Increased fluid movement from capillaries to interstitial spaces due to increased pressure.
- Decreased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure: Decreased protein in blood, reducing osmotic pressure pulling fluid into the capillaries.
- Increased capillary permeability: Increased permeability of blood vessels allows proteins to leak into the interstitial space, increasing osmotic pressure there.
- Obstruction to lymph flow: Blockage of lymph drainage causes fluid to accumulate in interstitial spaces.
Decreased Capillary Colloidal Osmotic Pressure
- Plasma proteins exert osmotic force pulling fluid back into capillaries.
- Albumin is the most osmotically active plasma protein.
- Edema caused by decreased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure can be due to decreased production or abnormal loss of plasma proteins.
Factors Decreasing Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure
- Liver failure - impaired albumin synthesis
- Malnutrition/starvation - lack of amino acids for protein synthesis
- Kidney diseases - glomerular capillaries become permeable to plasma proteins
- Burn injury - injury and loss of plasma proteins
Increased Capillary Permeability
- Increased capillary pores or damaged capillary walls lead to increased permeability.
- Plasma proteins and other osmotically active particles leak into interstitial spaces.
- Accumulation of interstitial fluid due to increased tissue colloidal osmotic pressure.
Factors increasing capillary permeability
- Burn injury
- Capillary congestion
Obstruction of Lymph Flow
- Lymphatic system is essential for returning osmotically active plasma proteins to the circulatory system.
- Impaired lymph flow results in edema (lymphedema).
Factors causing lymphatic obstruction
- Malignant involvement of lymph structures
- Removal of lymph nodes
- Infection involving lymphatic channels and lymph nodes
Types of Edema
According to Distribution
- Localized edema: Occurs only in a specific part of the body.
- Generalized edema: Affects all body tissues.
According to Clinical Examination
- Pitting Edema: Indentation persists after pressure is released. Evaluated on a scale of 1 to 4.
- Non-pitting edema: Pressure does not produce persistent indentation, often caused by lymphedema or myxedema.
Homeostasis
- Body's attempt to maintain a constant internal environment.
- Requires constant monitoring and adjustments as conditions change.
- Dependent on control systems of the body.
Components of Control System
- Receptor: Receives information about environmental changes.
- Control Center: Processes information from the receptor.
- Effector: Responds to control center commands by opposing or enhancing the stimulus.
Negative and Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback
- System responds to change in a way that reverses the direction of change, maintaining homeostasis.
Positive Feedback
- Response amplifies the change in the variable.
- Less common than negative feedback.
Examples of Positive Feedback
- Nerve impulse generation: Threshold electric potential triggers action potential.
- Blood clotting: Activated platelets trigger further activation.
Harmful Positive Feedback
- Can be dangerous if not regulated.
- Example: High fever can increase metabolic changes, potentially leading to death.
Water Balance as an Example of Homeostasis
- Plasma osmolarity is the primary regulator of water balance.
- Dehydration causes increased plasma osmolarity.
- Increased osmolarity leads to water moving out of cells, causing initial cell volume reduction.
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is activated, leading to water retention and reducing plasma osmolality.
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of body fluid compartments, specifically intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF), including their distribution and roles. It also delves into the mechanisms of fluid exchange, focusing on capillary exchange and the processes of diffusion and bulk flow. Test your understanding of these essential physiological concepts.
