Histology Neuro 1

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Which layer of the cerebral cortex contains large pyramidal cells, including Betz cells, and is the origin of the corticospinal tract?

External Granular Layer
Polymorphic Layer
Inner Pyramidal Layer (correct)
Molecular Layer

Cerebral columns uniformly measure 500 µm in width across all regions of the cortex.

False (B)

What is the primary function of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?

Protect brain tissue from pathogens and toxins.

The __________ is involved in cognition, decision-making, and personality.

prefrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

Match the cortical area with its primary function:

Primary Motor Cortex = Controls voluntary muscle movements Primary Somatosensory Cortex = Processes touch, temperature, and pain Prefrontal Cortex = Involved in cognition and decision-making Broca's Area = Language production Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components are NOT part of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?

Fenestrated endothelial cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier is present in the hypothalamus.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of association areas in the cerebral cortex?

Integrate information for perception, planning, and language. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary function of white matter?

Facilitating communication between different brain areas and the brain and spinal cord. (A) Signup and view all the answers

The dorsal horns of the spinal cord's gray matter primarily contain motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of neuroglia is predominantly found in white matter, contributing to the myelination of axons?

Oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

The spinal cord's gray matter is derived from the ______ layer of the neural tube during development.

mantle Signup and view all the answers

Match the spinal cord structures with their primary components:

Dorsal Horns = Sensory Neurons Ventral Horns = Motor Neurons Lateral Horns = Autonomic Motor Neurons White Matter = Myelinated Axons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the arrangement of gray and white matter in the spinal cord?

Gray matter surrounds white matter. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Ascending tracts in the white matter of the spinal cord carry motor commands from the brain to the muscles.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the brain, where is gray matter primarily located?

In the outer layers of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following developmental processes is initiated by the notochord during the formation of the nervous system?

Neural plate formation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Electrical synapses rely on neurotransmitters to transmit signals between neurons.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of nerve endings related to external stimuli?

Convert external stimuli into electrical signals. Signup and view all the answers

A deficiency in ______ during pregnancy is a known cause of neural tube defects.

folate Signup and view all the answers

Match the neural structure with its adult derivative.

Neural Tube = Brain and Spinal Cord Neural Crest = Melanocytes and Adrenal Medulla Neuromuscular Junction = Skeletal Muscle Stimulation Signup and view all the answers

During development, the differentiation of the neural tube is influenced by which signaling molecules?

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) (D) Signup and view all the answers

The arbor vitae is formed by the gray matter within the cerebellum.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the cerebellar cortex contains basket cells and the dendrites of Purkinje cells?

Molecular Layer Signup and view all the answers

In the cerebellar cortex, mossy fibers synapse in the granular layer, forming structures known as ________ with granule cell dendrites.

glomeruli Signup and view all the answers

Match the cerebellar cortex layers with their primary cellular components:

Molecular Layer = Basket cells, stellate cells, Purkinje cell dendrites Purkinje Cell Layer = Flask-shaped Purkinje neurons Granular Layer = Densely packed granule cells and Golgi cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex?

Acting as the sole output of the cerebellar cortex (D) Signup and view all the answers

In a reflex arc, the efferent neuron is a pseudounipolar sensory neuron.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the outer pyramidal layer of the cerebral cortex?

corticocortical connections Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue layer in a peripheral nerve is responsible for maintaining the blood-nerve barrier?

Perineurium (C) Signup and view all the answers

Spinal ganglia contain multipolar neurons with eccentrically located nuclei.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated nerve fibers?

saltatory conduction Signup and view all the answers

In the CNS, the web-like middle layer with a subarachnoid space containing CSF is known as the ______.

arachnoid mater Signup and view all the answers

Match the sensory receptor with its primary function:

Meissner's Corpuscles = Touch receptor in dermal papillae Pacinian Corpuscles = Vibration and deep pressure sensor Ruffini's Endings = Detect stretch and sustained pressure Krause's End Bulbs = Possibly cold receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sensory receptor is specialized for detecting changes in temperature?

Thermoreceptors (C) Signup and view all the answers

Unmyelinated nerve fibers are individually wrapped by Schwann cells with myelin.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epineurium in the peripheral nervous system?

protects nerves from mechanical stress Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the composition of gray matter in the central nervous system?

Dense concentration of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. (C) Signup and view all the answers

The lateral horns of the spinal cord gray matter, which contain autonomic motor neurons, are found throughout the entire length of the spinal cord.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of white matter in the central nervous system, and how does its composition contribute to this function?

White matter primarily facilitates communication between different brain areas and between the brain and spinal cord, through ascending and descending tracts of myelinated axons. Signup and view all the answers

In the spinal cord, sensory information is received via neurons located in the ______ horns.

dorsal Signup and view all the answers

Match the following spinal cord structures with their primary components:

Dorsal Horns = Sensory neurons Ventral Horns = Motor neurons Lateral Horns = Autonomic motor neurons White Matter = Myelinated axons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the origin of gray and white matter during neural tube development?

Gray matter develops from the mantle layer; white matter from the marginal layer. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Ependymal cells lining the central canal of the spinal cord are a type of neuron responsible for relaying sensory information.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the arrangement of gray and white matter differs between the brain and the spinal cord, and explain the functional significance of this difference.

In the brain, gray matter forms the outer cortex and deep nuclei, while white matter lies beneath. In the spinal cord, gray matter forms a central 'H' shape surrounded by white matter. This arrangement optimizes processing within the brain and efficient communication along the spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

The development of the spinal cord is influenced by which signaling molecules?

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Spina bifida is a condition that can result from the normal development of the spinal cord.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The internal white matter of the cerebellum forms the ______.

arbor vitae Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary function of the cerebellum?

Motor coordination, balance, and posture (D) Signup and view all the answers

Match the cerebellar cortex layer with its primary cellular component:

Molecular Layer = Basket cells and stellate cells Purkinje Cell Layer = Purkinje cells Granular Layer = Granule cells and Golgi cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fiber directly excites Purkinje cells?

Climbing fibers (B) Signup and view all the answers

List the three types of neurons found in a reflex arc.

Afferent neuron, interneuron, efferent neuron Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the cerebral cortex is rich in stellate neurons and receives thalamic input?

Inner Granular Layer (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of glial cells insulate myelinated fibers in the peripheral nervous system, facilitating saltatory conduction?

Schwann cells Signup and view all the answers

In the CNS, the web-like middle layer with a subarachnoid space containing CSF is called the _ _.

arachnoid mater Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sensory receptors with their primary function:

Meissner's Corpuscles = Touch Pacinian Corpuscles = Vibration and deep pressure Ruffini's Endings = Stretch and sustained pressure Krause's End Bulbs = Cold Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the function of chemical synapses in nerve endings?

Neurotransmitters binding to postsynaptic receptors to generate action potentials. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of unmyelinated nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system?

Multiple axons are ensheathed by a single Schwann cell. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Electrical synapses rely on neurotransmitters to transmit signals across the synaptic cleft.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The Dura Mater in the skull consists of a single layer.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What embryonic tissue layer gives rise to the nervous system?

ectoderm Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of nociceptors, and what stimuli do they respond to?

Nociceptors sense pain from tissue damage. Signup and view all the answers

Failure of the cranial neural tube to close during embryonic development results in a condition called ______.

anencephaly Signup and view all the answers

Match the developmental stage/structure with its correct derivative or function:

Neural Tube = Forms the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) Neural Crest = Develops into peripheral nervous system elements, melanocytes, adrenal medulla, and craniofacial structures Notochord = Induces formation of the neural plate Spina Bifida = Incomplete closure of the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the cerebral cortex contains large pyramidal cells, including Betz cells, and serves as the origin of the corticospinal tract?

Inner Pyramidal Layer (D) Signup and view all the answers

Cerebral columns function as independent units, each processing various types of stimuli from different body regions to ensure comprehensive sensory integration.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role do association areas of the cerebral cortex play?

Integrate information for perception, planning, and language Signup and view all the answers

The blood-brain barrier is absent in circumventricular organs like the ______ and choroid plexus.

hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following functional areas of the cortex with their primary function:

Primary Motor Cortex = Controls voluntary muscle movements Primary Somatosensory Cortex = Processes touch, temperature, and pain Prefrontal Cortex = Involved in cognition, decision-making, and personality Broca's Area = Language production center Signup and view all the answers

The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) is formed by:

Choroid plexus capillaries and ependymal cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

Myeloarchitectonics of the cerebral cortex involves only radial fiber systems, providing structural support for the vertical arrangement of cortical layers.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Explain the functional significance of cerebral columns (modules) in the cerebral cortex?

Each column processes specific sensory inputs or motor outputs Signup and view all the answers

Gray Matter

Contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, neuroglia, and blood vessels; processes information in the CNS.

White Matter

Composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons; facilitates communication between different brain areas.