(4.5) TRANSPLANTATION & IMMUNE PHARMACOTHERAPY

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Questions and Answers

What type of graft involves transferring tissue between genetically identical individuals?

Autografts

Syngeneic grafts (correct)

Allogeneic grafts

Xenogeneic grafts

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is acute transplant rejection classified as?

Type II hypersensitivity

Type III hypersensitivity

Type IV hypersensitivity (correct)

Type I hypersensitivity

What immune mechanism primarily triggers hyperacute rejection of transplanted organs?

Cytokine release from donor cells

Preexisting antibodies binding to graft antigens (correct)

T cell activation against donor antigens

Depletion of regulatory T cells

Which statement accurately describes histocompatibility?

It describes two individuals with the same or similar HLA types. Signup and view all the answers

How do anti-HLA antibodies typically arise?

Due to previous pregnancies or blood transfusions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of acute rejections compared to chronic rejections?

They proceed rapidly once started. Signup and view all the answers

What immune mechanisms are typically involved in hyperacute rejections?

Natural killer (NK) cells and antibodies Signup and view all the answers

How could a previously rejected graft respond upon a second transplantation attempt?

It may be rejected more swiftly. Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance of a hyperacute rejected skin graft often referred to as?

White graft Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of mismatched HLA allotypes on kidney transplantation outcomes?

They decrease graft survival rates. Signup and view all the answers

In cases of acute rejection, what cellular infiltrates are commonly observed?

Mononuclear cells and blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes second set rejections from primary rejections?

They involve a rapid immune response due to memory cell generation. Signup and view all the answers

What can cause the bluish appearance of rejected kidneys?

Deteriorating blood trapped inside Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of chronic rejections compared to acute rejections?

They can last for years without noticeable symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between MHC histocompatibility genes and transplant rejections?

Differences in MHC genes can increase rejection risks. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using multiple types of drugs in antiretroviral therapy?

To allow for time to produce more CD4 T-cells Signup and view all the answers

What does clinical latency signify in the context of HIV infection?

The virus is present but controlled by CD4 T-cell production Signup and view all the answers

What effect do antiretroviral drugs have on the virus in the bloodstream?

They clear the virus rapidly from the blood Signup and view all the answers

How does an increased CD4 T-cell count benefit individuals with HIV infection?

It supports a healthy immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome for individuals not using antiretroviral drugs?

Shorter lifespan and worsened quality of life Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the dynamics of infected CD4 T-cells?

Infected CD4 T-cells can be short-lived and drop off Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the immune system during the clinical latency phase of HIV?

It can effectively keep the virus under control Signup and view all the answers

Why is CD4 T-cell count critical in monitoring the health of individuals with HIV?

It shows the overall strength of the immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall goal of antiretroviral therapy?

To enable the immune system to control HIV effectively Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the rapid increase in monocyte turnover and production?

Infection by a virus Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to start aggressive therapies early in HIV infection?

To prevent progression to AIDS Signup and view all the answers

What does an undetectable HIV level in a patient's blood imply?

The patient is not infectious and has controlled the infection Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of increased drug resistance in HIV treatment?

Higher likelihood of treatment failure Signup and view all the answers

How does antiretroviral therapy assist in managing HIV infection?

It decreases viral load to below the level of detection Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical reason for matching HLA types in hematopoietic cell transplantation?

To prevent the immune system from recognizing donor tissue as foreign Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily affects the success of a transplant regarding the immune response?

The degree of HLA compatibility Signup and view all the answers

In the context of T cell education, what is the role of recipient HLA allotypes?

They help in the positive selection of thymocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of a mismatch in HLA during transplantation?

Risk of acute rejection by the immune system Signup and view all the answers

What happens if donor T cells speak a 'foreign language' in relation to antigen presenting cells?

They fail to recognize and respond to pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for matching HLA between a donor and recipient during transplantation?

To reduce the risk of rejection due to immune response. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of immune response can arise due to HLA mismatches between donor and recipient?

Activation of self-reactive T cells. Signup and view all the answers

During T cell education, what is the role of positive selection?

To favor T cells that recognize foreign antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What challenge arises if transplanted cells do not recognize self adequately?

Communication between immune cells will be impaired. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the concept of 'self versus non-self' crucial in the context of transplantation?

It governs how the immune system will react to a transplanted organ. Signup and view all the answers

What might occur if T cells incorrectly identify a transplanted organ as self?

The immune system will do nothing. Signup and view all the answers

In a mixed lymphocyte reaction, what is primarily assessed?

The proliferation of T cells in response to specific antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What risk is associated with mismatched HLA that can lead to transplantation complications?

Acute or chronic rejection. Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely consequence of immunosuppression in transplantation?

Increased risk of infection. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

BMS 545 Immunology - November 18, 2024

Course module 4 covers transplantation, immune pharmacotherapy, cancer, hypersensitivity, autoimmune disorders, case studies, and final review
Topics include blood cancer diagnoses, types and prevalence information.
Topics concerning transplantation include laws of transplantation, different types of transplants (orthotopic & heterotopic, autografts, syngeneic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic), and histocompatibility matching.
Different types of hypersensitivity reactions (type II and type IV hypersensitivity) are discussed, focusing on transplant rejection and allorecognition
Blood transfusion also has a section on matching ABO & Rhesus antigens, with statistics on donor/recipient types, and how compatibility is key for blood transplants.
There is a discussion on the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) as a cellular test to measure histocompatibility in transplants
Acute rejection, chronic rejection, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are part of the course content.
Solid organ transplantation procedures and outcomes are noted using illustrations and examples
HLA matching is key in transplantation success, as indicated by statistical data.
Immunosuppressive drugs, like cyclosporin and tacrolimus, are crucial
These drugs interfere with T-cell activation.
Immunological effects of corticosteroids, addressing their impact on many genes and reducing inflammatory reactions.
There are methods focusing on the direct and indirect pathways of allorecognition, involved in graft rejection.
The clinical need for matching and immunosuppression vary by the transplanted body organ/tissue type.
Statistics about waiting lists, number of transplants, and donors in the US from a certain time period are included

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Description

This quiz covers Course Module 4 of BMS 545 Immunology, focusing on critical topics such as transplantation, immune pharmacotherapy, cancer, hypersensitivity, and autoimmune disorders. Explore blood cancer diagnoses, the laws of transplantation, types of grafts, and the significance of histocompatibility matching. Additionally, delve into hypersensitivity reactions, blood transfusion compatibility, and mixed lymphocyte reactions.