31 Questions
What type of bond links nucleotides in DNA?
Phosphodiester bond
How many bases are there per turn in the DNA double helix?
10
What is the function of specialized proteins in eukaryotic cells in relation to DNA?
Generate a series of coils and loops
What is the total genetic information in a cell called?
Genome
What are repeated sequences at the end of chromosomes used for?
Cap the ends to save them from being mistakenly attacked
What is the function of centromeres in mitotic chromosomes?
Help in chromosome segregation
What is the name of the complex of DNA and protein in a cell's nucleus?
Chromatin
How many meters of DNA does each human cell contain?
~2 meters
What do telomeres cap the ends of?
Chromosomes
What kind of bonds link nucleotides in DNA?
Covalent bonds
What is the mysterious material that turned harmless bacteria into pathogenic ones, as described in the text?
DNA
What did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty demonstrate to be the genetic material?
DNA
Who definitively showed that genes are made of DNA?
Hershey and Chase
How are the two strands of the DNA double helix held together?
Hydrogen bonds
What are genes made of?
DNA
What did biologists recognize about inherited traits before understanding the DNA structure?
Chromosomes contain both DNA and protein
What are the most frequent chemical reactions known to create serious DNA damage in cells?
Depurination and deamination
What is the first basic step involved in repairing DNA damage?
The damage is recognized and removed
What is the consequence of leaving a DNA mismatch without correction?
It will result in a permanent mutation
Which type of repair plays an important role in preventing cancer?
Mismatch repair
What can cause the formation of thymine dimers in DNA?
Ultraviolet radiation in sunlight
What is the last step involved in repairing DNA damage?
DNA ligase seals nick
Which strategy for repairing double-strand DNA breaks is known for rapidly sticking before drifting apart and often leading to nucleotide loss?
Nonhomologous end joining
What occurs shortly after DNA replication and before cell division, allowing for error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks?
Homologous recombination
What can lead to the fragmentation of chromosomes and is difficult to repair?
Nonhomologous end joining
Which process relies on genetic redundancy and is used for repairing DNA mismatches?
DNA mismatch repair
What less soluble type of hemoglobin is associated with sickle-cell anemia?
Sickle-cell hemoglobin
What type of repair strategy provides an 'error-free' approach for fixing DNA double-strand breaks?
Homologous recombination
Which specialized enzyme helps the broken 3’ strand to invade the unbroken homologous DNA and search for complementarity during DNA repair?
Homologous recombination
'Quick and dirty' repair of double-strand DNA breaks often leads to the loss of which component?
Nucleotides
'Error-free' repair of double-strand DNA breaks occurs shortly after which cellular process?
Cell division
Test your knowledge of the structure and organization of DNA and eukaryotic chromosomes. Explore the regulation of chromosome structure and learn about the physical organization of DNA within cells.
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