BMS 1 Final
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What is the definition of hypertrophy?

  • A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
  • A decrease in cell size and functional ability due to decreased synthesis of intracellular components
  • An increase in cell size and functional ability due to increased synthesis of intracellular components (correct)
  • An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

    • What is a cause of hypertrophy?

  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Increased mechanical demand (correct)
  • Decreased mechanical demand
  • Loss of endocrine stimulation

    • What is the definition of hyperplasia?

  • A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
  • An increase in cell size and functional ability due to increased synthesis of intracellular components
  • An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ (correct)
  • An abnormal proliferation of cells that is characterized by changes in cell size, shape, and loss of cellular organization

    • Which is NOT a physiological cause of hyperplasia?

    <p>Loss of innervation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metaplasia?

    <p>A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dysplasia?

    <p>An abnormal proliferation of cells that is characterized by changes in cell size, shape, and loss of cellular organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell types are unable to exhibit hyperplasia?

    <p>Nerve, cardiac, skeletal muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component studied by pathologists?

    <p>Neurological disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular response to injury is irreversible?

    <p>Dysplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of atrophy?

    <p>Decreased workload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two patterns of cell death?

    <p>Necrosis and Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the ability of cells to adjust to changing demands and extracellular stress?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical significance of pathology?

    <p>Understanding disease course and prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the adaptive capability of a cell is exceeded?

    <p>Cell injury develops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells replicate at a low level throughout life and have the capacity to divide if stimulated by some initiating event?

    <p>Stable cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the examples of permanent cells that cannot replicate?

    <p>Neurons and cardiac muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the cell cycle is typically brief?

    <p>M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of extracellular signaling involves signaling to nearby cells?

    <p>Paracrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two separate processes involved in wound healing?

    <p>Regeneration and tissue repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells regenerate at a normal rate, throughout life and also known as labile cells?

    <p>Surface epithelial cells and hematopoietic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of the cell cycle that generally constitute the majority of the time of the cell cycle?

    <p>G1 and S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cells that cannot replicate and also known as permanent cells?

    <p>Neurons and cardiac muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth factor is NOT responsible for inducing angiogenesis?

    <p>Transforming growth factor (TGF-ß)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of wound healing occurs with clean wounds with little tissue damage and closely approximated wound edges?

    <p>Healing by first intention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of collagen makes up the basement membranes of the body?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of collagen predominates in keloid formation?

    <p>Type III collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule confers tissues the ability to recoil and return to a baseline structure after physical stress?

    <p>Fibrillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of granulation tissue during tissue repair?

    <p>Proliferation of blood vessels and edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth factor is primarily responsible for the maintenance of cell differentiation

    <p>Transforming growth factor (TGF-ß)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is a component of the basement membrane?

    <p>Laminin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is NOT considered a glycoprotein and an adhesion molecule?

    <p>Heparan sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is a proteoglycan and a component of the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Chondroitin sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the extracellular matrix is a basic structural protein conferring tensile strength?

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What time period does the granulation period occur during a tissue repair?

    <p>3- 5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs of acute inflammation?

    <p>Heat, redness, pain, swelling, loss of function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major stages of acute inflammation?

    <p>Vascular stage and cellular stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cell types help mediate a contraction in wound repair?

    <p>Myofibroblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the start of acute inflammation?

    <p>Immune cells responding to an inflammatory stimuli such as pathogens, injury, or toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of serous inflammation?

    <p>Commonly associated with pus formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the CORRECT order for cellular events in acute inflammation?

    <p>Margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chronic inflammation is characterized by the proliferation of fibroblasts and an important loss of organ function?

    <p>Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive pattern common to a few diseases, characterized by the presence of granulomas?

    <p>Granulomatous inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is characterized by non-caseating granulomas?

    <p>Leprosy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cellular infiltrate in acute inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes fibrinous inflammation from serous inflammation?

    <p>Characterized by fibrinous exudates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is the precursor of macrophages?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of many chronic inflammatory diseases and an important cause of organ function loss?

    <p>Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of suppurative inflammation?

    <p>Presence of large amounts of purulent exudates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which systemic manifestation is NOT typically associated with inflammation?

    <p>Leukopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is primarily responsible for the onset of acute inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular response is primarily responsible for the clinical evidence of heat and redness in acute inflammation?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amine is NOT considered a vasoactive amine?

    <p>Aniline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells primarily migrate towards the injury site through chemotaxis and undergo activation, degranulation, and phagocytosis in acute inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vasoactive amine is produced by ONLY platelets?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily activates inflammatory cells during cell-mediated responses?

    <p>Interleukin-1 (IL-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does NOT characterizes chronic inflammation?

    <p>Tissue construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily mediates the return to normal vascular permeability, removal of edema fluid and proteins, and eventual exodus of macrophages in the complete resolution of inflammation?

    <p>Cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may result from viral or persistent infections?

    <p>Chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily involves tissue destruction and repair by angiogenesis and fibrosis in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Mononuclear cell infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of acute inflammation includes vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation induced by inflammatory chemicals, leading to redness, heat, and swelling?

    <p>Vascular stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proliferation of fibroblasts?

    <p>Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of B cells in the immune system?

    <p>Production of antibodies to tag antigens for destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune defense relies on the action of antibodies?

    <p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of an autoimmune disorder?

    <p>Immune response against the body's own cells and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are specialized to assist B cells and directly kill infected cells in the immune system?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are crucial for fighting infections and are produced by the thymus gland?

    <p>T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lymph nodes?

    <p>Filtering interstitial fluid and exposing T-cells and B-cells to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system provides feverishly fast, non-specific defense against pathogens?

    <p>Innate immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of the innate immune response involving chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, and killing?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune response is activated when pathogens bypass innate defenses and involves the recognition of antigens, production of antibodies, and activation of B and T cells?

    <p>Adaptive immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies that attach to the antigen to destroy the pathogen?

    <p>Antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells play crucial roles in humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>B cells and T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the pathways of the complement system that activate inflammation, opsonization, and direct killing of target cells and microbes?

    <p>Classical and alternative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is it called when the body generates an excess immune response to often harmless foreign antigen?

    <p>Allergic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to protection against infection?

    <p>Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs are considered as secondary lymphatic organs?

    <p>Lymph nodes and spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune system component provides non-specific defense against pathogens using physical and chemical barriers, phagocytes, and the complement system?

    <p>Innate immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth factor is primarily responsible for wound contraction?

    <p>Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of acute and chronic inflammatory response?

    <p>Circulating cells, proteins, vascular wall cells, connective tissue cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin triggers an immediate allergic reaction?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is secreted during primary immune response?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two immunoglobulins are MOST important?

    <p>IgG and IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs block the synthesis of prostaglandins in the PNS?

    <p>Aspirin and NSAIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Inflammation and its Cellular and Vascular Responses

    • Arteriolar vasodilatation leads to increased blood flow and engorgement of capillary beds, clinically evidenced as heat and erythema (redness).
    • Vascular stage of acute inflammation includes vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation induced by inflammatory chemicals, leading to redness, heat, and swelling.
    • Cellular stage of acute inflammation involves the sequence of leukocyte extravasation from the vascular lumen to the extravascular space through migration, rolling, adhesion, and transmigration.
    • Leukocyte influx primarily consists of neutrophils, which migrate towards the injury site through chemotaxis and undergo activation, degranulation, and phagocytosis.
    • Defects in leukocyte function, such as adhesion, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, can lead to clinical examples of leukocyte-induced injury in acute and chronic conditions.
    • Chemical mediators of inflammation include vasoactive amines (histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin) and plasma proteases, which have various effects on vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and pain.
    • Eicosanoids, such as leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and lipoxins, mediate virtually every step of inflammation, including vasoconstriction, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and chemotaxis.
    • Cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), activate inflammatory cells during cell-mediated responses.
    • Outcomes of acute inflammation can include complete resolution, scarring or fibrosis, abscess formation, or progression to chronic inflammation.
    • Events in the complete resolution of inflammation involve the return to normal vascular permeability, removal of edema fluid and proteins, and eventual exodus of macrophages.
    • Chronic inflammation is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells, tissue destruction, and repair by angiogenesis and fibrosis, and it may follow acute inflammation or result from viral or persistent infections.
    • Chronic inflammation may persist for long durations and involve etiologies such as viral infections and persistent infections by specific microorganisms.

    Understanding the Immune System

    • The immune system comprises cells, tissues, and organs defending the body against invading organisms such as pathogens, abnormal cells, and substances.
    • It distinguishes "self" from "non-self" with precision, crucial for maintaining overall health and preventing infections and diseases.
    • Immunity refers to protection against infection, and the immune response is the coordinated reaction of the immune system against infections and foreign substances.
    • Lymphatic organs include primary organs like red bone marrow and the thymus gland, as well as secondary organs like lymph nodes and the spleen.
    • The thymus gland is crucial for producing T lymphocytes, important for fighting infections, and it has a cortex and medulla made up of different cell types.
    • The immune system is designed to defend the body against various invaders, including microorganisms, cancer cells, and transplanted organs and tissues.
    • Lymph nodes function to filter interstitial fluid, exposing T-cells and B-cells to a wide range of antigens, while the spleen controls blood cell levels and removes old or damaged red blood cells.
    • The innate immune system provides feverishly fast, non-specific defense against pathogens, using physical and chemical barriers as well as phagocytes and the complement system.
    • Phagocytosis, involving chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, and killing, is a key function of the innate immune response.
    • The complement system, with pathways like classical and alternative, activates inflammation, opsonization, and direct killing of target cells and microbes.
    • The adaptive immune response is activated when pathogens bypass innate defenses, and it involves the recognition of antigens, production of antibodies, and activation of B and T cells.
    • Antigens stimulate an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies that attach to the antigen to destroy the pathogen, while lymphocytes, including B cells and T cells, are activated by antibodies and play crucial roles in humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

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    Related Documents

    Basic Concepts in Pathology: Cell Adaptation (PDF)
    Basic Concepts in Pathology - Cell Adaptation PDF
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    Acute and Chronic Inflammation PDF
    Immune Response PDF

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