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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of hypertrophy?
What is the definition of hypertrophy?
- A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
- A decrease in cell size and functional ability due to decreased synthesis of intracellular components
- An increase in cell size and functional ability due to increased synthesis of intracellular components (correct)
- An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ
What is a cause of hypertrophy?
What is a cause of hypertrophy?
- Inadequate nutrition
- Increased mechanical demand (correct)
- Decreased mechanical demand
- Loss of endocrine stimulation
What is the definition of hyperplasia?
What is the definition of hyperplasia?
- A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
- An increase in cell size and functional ability due to increased synthesis of intracellular components
- An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ (correct)
- An abnormal proliferation of cells that is characterized by changes in cell size, shape, and loss of cellular organization
Which is NOT a physiological cause of hyperplasia?
Which is NOT a physiological cause of hyperplasia?
What is metaplasia?
What is metaplasia?
What is dysplasia?
What is dysplasia?
Which cell types are unable to exhibit hyperplasia?
Which cell types are unable to exhibit hyperplasia?
Which of the following is NOT a component studied by pathologists?
Which of the following is NOT a component studied by pathologists?
Which cellular response to injury is irreversible?
Which cellular response to injury is irreversible?
What is the main cause of atrophy?
What is the main cause of atrophy?
What are the two patterns of cell death?
What are the two patterns of cell death?
Which term describes the ability of cells to adjust to changing demands and extracellular stress?
Which term describes the ability of cells to adjust to changing demands and extracellular stress?
What is the clinical significance of pathology?
What is the clinical significance of pathology?
What happens if the adaptive capability of a cell is exceeded?
What happens if the adaptive capability of a cell is exceeded?
Which type of cells replicate at a low level throughout life and have the capacity to divide if stimulated by some initiating event?
Which type of cells replicate at a low level throughout life and have the capacity to divide if stimulated by some initiating event?
What are the examples of permanent cells that cannot replicate?
What are the examples of permanent cells that cannot replicate?
Which stage of the cell cycle is typically brief?
Which stage of the cell cycle is typically brief?
Which form of extracellular signaling involves signaling to nearby cells?
Which form of extracellular signaling involves signaling to nearby cells?
What are the two separate processes involved in wound healing?
What are the two separate processes involved in wound healing?
Which cells regenerate at a normal rate, throughout life and also known as labile cells?
Which cells regenerate at a normal rate, throughout life and also known as labile cells?
What are the stages of the cell cycle that generally constitute the majority of the time of the cell cycle?
What are the stages of the cell cycle that generally constitute the majority of the time of the cell cycle?
What are the cells that cannot replicate and also known as permanent cells?
What are the cells that cannot replicate and also known as permanent cells?
Which growth factor is NOT responsible for inducing angiogenesis?
Which growth factor is NOT responsible for inducing angiogenesis?
Which type of wound healing occurs with clean wounds with little tissue damage and closely approximated wound edges?
Which type of wound healing occurs with clean wounds with little tissue damage and closely approximated wound edges?
What type of collagen makes up the basement membranes of the body?
What type of collagen makes up the basement membranes of the body?
Which type of collagen predominates in keloid formation?
Which type of collagen predominates in keloid formation?
Which molecule confers tissues the ability to recoil and return to a baseline structure after physical stress?
Which molecule confers tissues the ability to recoil and return to a baseline structure after physical stress?
What is the characteristic feature of granulation tissue during tissue repair?
What is the characteristic feature of granulation tissue during tissue repair?
Which growth factor is primarily responsible for the maintenance of cell differentiation
Which growth factor is primarily responsible for the maintenance of cell differentiation
Which molecule is a component of the basement membrane?
Which molecule is a component of the basement membrane?
Which molecule is NOT considered a glycoprotein and an adhesion molecule?
Which molecule is NOT considered a glycoprotein and an adhesion molecule?
Which molecule is a proteoglycan and a component of the extracellular matrix?
Which molecule is a proteoglycan and a component of the extracellular matrix?
Which component of the extracellular matrix is a basic structural protein conferring tensile strength?
Which component of the extracellular matrix is a basic structural protein conferring tensile strength?
What time period does the granulation period occur during a tissue repair?
What time period does the granulation period occur during a tissue repair?
What are the signs of acute inflammation?
What are the signs of acute inflammation?
What are the two major stages of acute inflammation?
What are the two major stages of acute inflammation?
What cell types help mediate a contraction in wound repair?
What cell types help mediate a contraction in wound repair?
What triggers the start of acute inflammation?
What triggers the start of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of serous inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of serous inflammation?
What is the CORRECT order for cellular events in acute inflammation?
What is the CORRECT order for cellular events in acute inflammation?
Which type of chronic inflammation is characterized by the proliferation of fibroblasts and an important loss of organ function?
Which type of chronic inflammation is characterized by the proliferation of fibroblasts and an important loss of organ function?
What is the distinctive pattern common to a few diseases, characterized by the presence of granulomas?
What is the distinctive pattern common to a few diseases, characterized by the presence of granulomas?
Which disease is characterized by non-caseating granulomas?
Which disease is characterized by non-caseating granulomas?
What is the primary cellular infiltrate in acute inflammation?
What is the primary cellular infiltrate in acute inflammation?
Which feature distinguishes fibrinous inflammation from serous inflammation?
Which feature distinguishes fibrinous inflammation from serous inflammation?
Which type of cell is the precursor of macrophages?
Which type of cell is the precursor of macrophages?
What is a common feature of many chronic inflammatory diseases and an important cause of organ function loss?
What is a common feature of many chronic inflammatory diseases and an important cause of organ function loss?
What is the characteristic feature of suppurative inflammation?
What is the characteristic feature of suppurative inflammation?
Which systemic manifestation is NOT typically associated with inflammation?
Which systemic manifestation is NOT typically associated with inflammation?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for the onset of acute inflammation?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for the onset of acute inflammation?
Which cellular response is primarily responsible for the clinical evidence of heat and redness in acute inflammation?
Which cellular response is primarily responsible for the clinical evidence of heat and redness in acute inflammation?
Which amine is NOT considered a vasoactive amine?
Which amine is NOT considered a vasoactive amine?
Which type of cells primarily migrate towards the injury site through chemotaxis and undergo activation, degranulation, and phagocytosis in acute inflammation?
Which type of cells primarily migrate towards the injury site through chemotaxis and undergo activation, degranulation, and phagocytosis in acute inflammation?
Which vasoactive amine is produced by ONLY platelets?
Which vasoactive amine is produced by ONLY platelets?
What primarily activates inflammatory cells during cell-mediated responses?
What primarily activates inflammatory cells during cell-mediated responses?
What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?
What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?
What does NOT characterizes chronic inflammation?
What does NOT characterizes chronic inflammation?
What primarily mediates the return to normal vascular permeability, removal of edema fluid and proteins, and eventual exodus of macrophages in the complete resolution of inflammation?
What primarily mediates the return to normal vascular permeability, removal of edema fluid and proteins, and eventual exodus of macrophages in the complete resolution of inflammation?
What may result from viral or persistent infections?
What may result from viral or persistent infections?
What primarily involves tissue destruction and repair by angiogenesis and fibrosis in chronic inflammation?
What primarily involves tissue destruction and repair by angiogenesis and fibrosis in chronic inflammation?
Which stage of acute inflammation includes vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation induced by inflammatory chemicals, leading to redness, heat, and swelling?
Which stage of acute inflammation includes vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation induced by inflammatory chemicals, leading to redness, heat, and swelling?
What is the proliferation of fibroblasts?
What is the proliferation of fibroblasts?
What is the primary function of B cells in the immune system?
What is the primary function of B cells in the immune system?
Which type of immune defense relies on the action of antibodies?
Which type of immune defense relies on the action of antibodies?
What is the characteristic feature of an autoimmune disorder?
What is the characteristic feature of an autoimmune disorder?
Which cells are specialized to assist B cells and directly kill infected cells in the immune system?
Which cells are specialized to assist B cells and directly kill infected cells in the immune system?
Which type of cells are crucial for fighting infections and are produced by the thymus gland?
Which type of cells are crucial for fighting infections and are produced by the thymus gland?
What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
Which system provides feverishly fast, non-specific defense against pathogens?
Which system provides feverishly fast, non-specific defense against pathogens?
What is a key function of the innate immune response involving chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, and killing?
What is a key function of the innate immune response involving chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, and killing?
Which immune response is activated when pathogens bypass innate defenses and involves the recognition of antigens, production of antibodies, and activation of B and T cells?
Which immune response is activated when pathogens bypass innate defenses and involves the recognition of antigens, production of antibodies, and activation of B and T cells?
What stimulates an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies that attach to the antigen to destroy the pathogen?
What stimulates an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies that attach to the antigen to destroy the pathogen?
Which cells play crucial roles in humoral and cell-mediated immunity?
Which cells play crucial roles in humoral and cell-mediated immunity?
What are the pathways of the complement system that activate inflammation, opsonization, and direct killing of target cells and microbes?
What are the pathways of the complement system that activate inflammation, opsonization, and direct killing of target cells and microbes?
What is it called when the body generates an excess immune response to often harmless foreign antigen?
What is it called when the body generates an excess immune response to often harmless foreign antigen?
What term refers to protection against infection?
What term refers to protection against infection?
Which organs are considered as secondary lymphatic organs?
Which organs are considered as secondary lymphatic organs?
Which immune system component provides non-specific defense against pathogens using physical and chemical barriers, phagocytes, and the complement system?
Which immune system component provides non-specific defense against pathogens using physical and chemical barriers, phagocytes, and the complement system?
Which growth factor is primarily responsible for wound contraction?
Which growth factor is primarily responsible for wound contraction?
What are the components of acute and chronic inflammatory response?
What are the components of acute and chronic inflammatory response?
Which immunoglobulin triggers an immediate allergic reaction?
Which immunoglobulin triggers an immediate allergic reaction?
Which immunoglobulin is secreted during primary immune response?
Which immunoglobulin is secreted during primary immune response?
Which two immunoglobulins are MOST important?
Which two immunoglobulins are MOST important?
What type of drugs block the synthesis of prostaglandins in the PNS?
What type of drugs block the synthesis of prostaglandins in the PNS?
Study Notes
Inflammation and its Cellular and Vascular Responses
- Arteriolar vasodilatation leads to increased blood flow and engorgement of capillary beds, clinically evidenced as heat and erythema (redness).
- Vascular stage of acute inflammation includes vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation induced by inflammatory chemicals, leading to redness, heat, and swelling.
- Cellular stage of acute inflammation involves the sequence of leukocyte extravasation from the vascular lumen to the extravascular space through migration, rolling, adhesion, and transmigration.
- Leukocyte influx primarily consists of neutrophils, which migrate towards the injury site through chemotaxis and undergo activation, degranulation, and phagocytosis.
- Defects in leukocyte function, such as adhesion, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, can lead to clinical examples of leukocyte-induced injury in acute and chronic conditions.
- Chemical mediators of inflammation include vasoactive amines (histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin) and plasma proteases, which have various effects on vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and pain.
- Eicosanoids, such as leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and lipoxins, mediate virtually every step of inflammation, including vasoconstriction, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and chemotaxis.
- Cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), activate inflammatory cells during cell-mediated responses.
- Outcomes of acute inflammation can include complete resolution, scarring or fibrosis, abscess formation, or progression to chronic inflammation.
- Events in the complete resolution of inflammation involve the return to normal vascular permeability, removal of edema fluid and proteins, and eventual exodus of macrophages.
- Chronic inflammation is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells, tissue destruction, and repair by angiogenesis and fibrosis, and it may follow acute inflammation or result from viral or persistent infections.
- Chronic inflammation may persist for long durations and involve etiologies such as viral infections and persistent infections by specific microorganisms.
Understanding the Immune System
- The immune system comprises cells, tissues, and organs defending the body against invading organisms such as pathogens, abnormal cells, and substances.
- It distinguishes "self" from "non-self" with precision, crucial for maintaining overall health and preventing infections and diseases.
- Immunity refers to protection against infection, and the immune response is the coordinated reaction of the immune system against infections and foreign substances.
- Lymphatic organs include primary organs like red bone marrow and the thymus gland, as well as secondary organs like lymph nodes and the spleen.
- The thymus gland is crucial for producing T lymphocytes, important for fighting infections, and it has a cortex and medulla made up of different cell types.
- The immune system is designed to defend the body against various invaders, including microorganisms, cancer cells, and transplanted organs and tissues.
- Lymph nodes function to filter interstitial fluid, exposing T-cells and B-cells to a wide range of antigens, while the spleen controls blood cell levels and removes old or damaged red blood cells.
- The innate immune system provides feverishly fast, non-specific defense against pathogens, using physical and chemical barriers as well as phagocytes and the complement system.
- Phagocytosis, involving chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, and killing, is a key function of the innate immune response.
- The complement system, with pathways like classical and alternative, activates inflammation, opsonization, and direct killing of target cells and microbes.
- The adaptive immune response is activated when pathogens bypass innate defenses, and it involves the recognition of antigens, production of antibodies, and activation of B and T cells.
- Antigens stimulate an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies that attach to the antigen to destroy the pathogen, while lymphocytes, including B cells and T cells, are activated by antibodies and play crucial roles in humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
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These questions are from the power points. Go ahead and give it a try! Goodluck with finals!
