BME/PRD 170 Midterm Exam Review: Human Anatomy

• BME/PRD 170 is about Human Anatomy for Design
• The content is for the Midterm Exam Review
• The topics included are Anatomical Planes and Directions, Lower Limbs, Upper Limbs, and Thorax
• Dr. Wm. Davis Ferriell teaches this course at the University of Kentucky

Exam Format

• There will be a whole class period to complete it
• There are 50 multiple choice questions worth 1 pt each
• Questions are mostly Lower/Upper Limbs with Anatomical Planes/Directions embedded
• There will be questions regarding the Thorax content which includes Muscles, Bones, Heart and Lung Physiology
• Students can ask Instructor questions quietly
• Using a browser is not permitted
• If headphones are used, ensure the volume isn't too loud for someone standing 1 ft away to hear
• Food isn't permitted (noise)
• Students should select the option that is most applicable
• There may be multiple correct answers, choosing the one that is MOST correct is vital

Movements

• Involves selecting a structure and then the anatomical movement it does:
  • Humerus abduction, Knee extension, thumb abduction, wrist flexion, etc.
• Knowledge of respective responsible muscles and their opposite moving pair is expected
• Understanding of which muscle is responsible for inhalation, and expanding the rib cage during inhalation is expected
• Identifying the muscle responsible for adduction of the thumb is expected

Body Planes and Sections

• The three planes are:
  • Sagittal plane
  • Coronal plane
  • Transverse plane

Orientation and Directional Terms

• Images showing directional terms and examples

Anatomical Movements

• Elevation refers to movement in superior direction
• Depression refers to movement in inferior direction
• Flexion decreases the angle of a joint
  • Bending trunk forward is flexion of the spine
  • Curling fingers inwards toward palm
• Extension increases the angle of a joint
  • Bending the trunk backwards is extension of the spine -Stretching fingers away from the palm is the opposite of curling fingers toward the palm

Abduction & Adduction

• Abduction describes the motion of joint leads to movement away from the midline of the body (or away from midline of hand/foot for fingers/toes)
  • Raising the arm to the side away from the trunk is abduction
• Adduction is a motion where a joint is led to move toward the midline of the body (or toward the midline of hand/foot for fingers/toes)
  • Bringing the arm closer to trunk from a lifted position

Anatomical Movements

• Supination describes of rotation of forearm with the palm facing forward/up
  • Anatomical position entails forearm in supination
• Pronation involves rotation of the forearm with the palm facing towards the back/down
  • Palm faces posteriorly and back of hand faces forward/anteriorly

Foot and Ankle

• Must be able to locate the following on diagrams:
  • Calcaneus
  • Talus
  • Cuneiforms
  • Cuboid
  • Navicular
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges

Muscles that move the foot

• One should be able to identify the following muscles:
  • Extensor digitorum brevis
  • Flexor digitorum brevis
  • Extensor hallucis brevis
  • Flexor hallucis brevis
  • Adductor hallucis
  • Abductor digiti minimi

Bones Below the Knee (Lower Leg)

• The bones you need to know are:
  • Fibula
  • Tibia

Major Muscles Below the Knee (Lower Leg)

• The major muscles you need to know are:
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Extensor digitorum longus
  • Fibularis longus

Knee Anatomy

• One should identify the following:
  • Patella
  • Femur
  • Tibia
  • Muscle tissue
  • Ligaments
• ME describes the medial epicondyle
• MGT is medial gastrocnemius tendon
• MPTL describes the medial patellotibial ligament
• MPFL describes the medial patellofemoral ligament
• PT describes the patellar tendon
• SMCL describes the superficial medical collateral ligament
• AT describes the adductor tendon

Features of Synovial Joints

• The articular cartilage consists of hyaline cartilage which covers the ends of bone tissue, and serves the purpose of preventing crushing of bone ends
• The joint (synovial) cavity is a small cavity, filled with fluid, this design is unique to synovial joints
• The articular(joint) capsule is made of an external layer of dense irregular connective tissue, as well as the inner synovial membrane of loose connective tissue that makes the synovial fluid

Pelvis

• The pelvis consists of 3 pairs of bones:
  • Ilium (2)
  • Pubis (2)
  • Ischium (2)

Muscles of the Thigh

• On the anterior and medial thigh, locate:
  • Quadriceps femoris
  • Sartorius
  • Adductor magnus and longus
  • Gracilis Muscle

"Quads": Quadriceps Femoris

• Quadriceps femoris arises from 4 separate heads that form flesh of front and thigh
• It all inserts into the quadriceps tendon, which inserts into the patella
• Quads are a powerful knee extensor

Thigh Muscles

• On the posterior thigh, locate:
  • Biceps femoris
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranosus
• The muscles of the posterior thigh are the 'hamstrings: and the prime movers of thigh extension and knee flexion

Hip Stabilizing Muscles

• Needed to identify:
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gluteus minimus
  • Tensor fascia latae
  • Piriformis

Hand and Forearm

• Image shows both supination and pronation

Forearm Bones

• Radius's are long bones, with the proximal end being a golf tee-like head. -It articulates with the humerus and ulna proximally, and the ulna and wrist bones distally

Joints of the Wrist and Hand

• The needed joints and structures are:
  • Metacarpals
  • Proximal phalanges
  • Middle phalanges
  • Distal phalanges

Muscles: Grip, Opposable thumbs

• These muscles must be known anatomically:
  • Abductor pollicis brevis
  • Opponens pollicis
  • Flexor pollicis brevis
  • Adductor pollicis
• The saddle joint of the thumb is very important

Muscles: Grip, Moving the Pinkie

• One has to know about:
  • Abductor digiti minimi
  • Opponens digiti minimi
  • Flexor digiti minimi brevis
• The lumbricais are what flex the MCPs and extend PIPS and DIPs

Muscles: Flexing the Wrist and Fingers

• Superficial muscles consist of:
  • Flexor carpi radialis
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Palmaris longus
  • Flexor digitorum superficialis
• Deep muscles consist of:
  • Flexor pollicis longus
  • Flexor digitorum profundus

Muscles: Extending Wrist and Fingers

• Superficial muscles include:
  • Extensor carpi radialis longus
  • Extensor carpi radialis brevis
  • Extensor digitorum
  • Extensor digiti minimi
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
• Deep wrist and finger extensor muscles include:
  • Abductor pollicis longus
  • Extensor pollicis longus
  • Extensor pollicis brevis
  • Extensor indicis

Muscles: Pronation

• Pronator teres is a feature.
• Pronator quadratus is also a feature.

Elbow Joint

• Radius and ulna are lower arm bones that articulate the humerus
• Review the positions of the trochlea and capitulum
• Ulna grabs humerus at the olecranon fossa (indent on the back of humerus)

Elbow Flexion

• Biceps brachii
• Brachialis
• Brachioradialis

Elbow Extension

• Triceps brachii (origins = scapula or humerus; medial head underneath others; insertion = olecranon of ulna)
• Anconeus

Upper Arm

• The main bone in the upper arm is the humerus with many areas that muscles can attach
  • This assists the the great range of motion it has.
• The proximal end of the humerus connects to the shoulder joint
• The distal end of the humerus connects to the elbow joint
• One must consider the structure and function of:
  • Head
  • Trochlea
  • Capitulum
  • Medial and lateral epicondyles

Shoulder and Upper Arm Primary Movers

• Pectoralis major's insertion is at the Humerus and it adducts and medially rotates the arm
• Deltoid's insertion in at the arm, and it abducts the arm
• Latissimus Dorsi's insertion is at the humerus, and it adducts and medially rotates

Thorax

• Thorax is the area that will be tested

Bones of Thoracic Cage

• Students must know where the different bones on anatomical diagrams
  • True
  • False
  • Floating

Muscles that Actively Help with Inhalation

• Diaphragm
• External intercostals
• Internal intercostals

Muscles that Actively Help with Exhalation

• Diaphragm
• External intercostals
• Internal intercostals

Abdominal Muscles

• Rectus abdominus
• External oblique
• Internal oblique
• Transverse abdominus

Cardiovascular System

• Review of the vasculature of the Cardiovasular system will be tested:

Four Chambers of the Heart

• Be able to identify the following, given the numeric diagram:
  • Inferior Vena Cava
  • Superior Vena Cava
  • Right Atrium
  • Left Atrium
  • Right Ventricle
  • Left Ventricle
  • Pulmonary Artery
  • Pulmonary Vein
  • Aorta
  • Septum

Valves

• Be able to identify the types of valves located within the heart:
  • Atrioventricular valves
    • Tricuspid valves on the right Atrium's valve
    • Mitral valves are on the left Atrium's valve
  • Semilunar valves
    • Aortic Valve
    • Pulmonary Valve

Major Arteries

• Carotid artery
• Axillary artery
• Brachial artery
• Iliac artery
• Aortic arch
• Abdominal aorta
• Femoral artery
• Tibial artery

Major Arteries Continued

• The brain uses a redundancy system to ensure that blood flow can still reach certain parts if pipes get clogged:
• Frontal lobe
• Optic Chiasma
• Middle cerebral artery
• Internal carotid artery
• Mammillary body
• Temporal lobe
• Pons
• Occipital lobe
• Anterior communicating artery
• Anterior cerebral artery
• Posterior communicating artery
• Posterior cerebral artery
• Basilar artery
• Vertebral artery
• Cerebellum

Major Veins

• Jugular
• Axillary
• Brachial
• Iliac
• Vena cava
• Femoral
• Tibial

Respiratory System

• Needed for examination

Structures within the Respiratory System

• Nostrils and nasal cavities
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchii
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli (90% of lung tissue)
• Mouth can also assist

Alveoli

• Alveoli (90% of the lung tissue) are key

Skeletal Muscle Naming Conventions

• Latin root words help to understand its anatomical aspects of location such as:
  • Biceps brachii
  • Brachii refers to Arm
• Position such as:
  • Lateralis, referring to a lateral anatomical direction (away from midline)
  • Medialis, referring to a medial anatomical direction (toward midline)
• Size/Length such as:
  • Maximus refers to large
  • Medius refers to medium
  • Minimus refers to small
  • Longissimus refers to longest
  • Longus refers to long
  • Brevis refers to short
• Number of Muscle Bodies/Origins such as:
  • Uni refers to one
  • Bi refers to two
  • Tri refers to three
  • Quad refers to four
• Direction of Fibers such as:
  • Rectus refers to straight
  • Oblique refers to angled
• Movement/action such as:
  • Ab refers to away from
  • Ad refers to toward
  • Sub refers to under
  • Ductor refers to something that moves
  • Flexor refers to decreasing angle of the joint
  • Extensor refers to increasing angle of the joint