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Questions and Answers
Which plane divides the body into left and right halves?
Which plane divides the body into left and right halves?
In anatomical terms, what does 'inferior' refer to?
In anatomical terms, what does 'inferior' refer to?
What is the anatomical reference position for the human body?
What is the anatomical reference position for the human body?
Which term describes movement toward the midline of the body?
Which term describes movement toward the midline of the body?
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What directional term means 'toward the front of the body'?
What directional term means 'toward the front of the body'?
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Which plane divides the body into front and back halves?
Which plane divides the body into front and back halves?
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'Caudal' is a directional term meaning closer to which part of the body?
'Caudal' is a directional term meaning closer to which part of the body?
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What does 'lateral' mean in directional terms?
What does 'lateral' mean in directional terms?
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Study Notes
Planes of the Body
- The three cardinal planes of the body are the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes, which divide the body into left and right, front and back, and top and bottom halves, respectively.
Axes of the Body
- The three reference axes are the frontal, sagittal, and longitudinal axes, which are used to describe human motion.
- The frontal axis is perpendicular to the sagittal plane, the sagittal axis is perpendicular to the frontal plane, and the longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the transverse plane.
Axes of Rotation
- The right glenohumeral (shoulder) joint highlights three orthogonal axes of rotation (medial-lateral, anterior-posterior, and vertical) and associated planes of angular motion (flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and internal and external rotation).
Planes and Axes for Common Movements
- Flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion occur in the sagittal plane around a frontal-horizontal axis.
- Abduction, adduction, side flexion of the trunk, elevation and depression of the shoulder girdle, radial and ulnar deviation of the wrist, and eversion and inversion of the foot occur in the frontal plane around a sagittal-horizontal axis.
- Rotation of the head, neck, and trunk, internal rotation and external rotation of the arm or leg, horizontal adduction and abduction of the arm or thigh, and pronation and supination of the forearm occur in the transverse plane around the longitudinal axis.
Kinematics
- Kinematics is the study of motion, and its goals in physical therapy include maintaining, preventing, and improving function through strategies of mobility, stability, control, and skill.
Anatomical Reference Point
- The anatomical reference position for the human body is the erect standing position with the feet slightly separated and the arms hanging by the side, elbows straight, and palms facing forward.
Directional Terms
- Superior or cranial refers to proximity to the head.
- Inferior or caudal refers to proximity to the feet.
- Anterior or ventral refers to the front of the body.
- Posterior or dorsal refers to the back of the body.
- Medial refers to proximity to the midline of the body.
- Lateral refers to distance from the midline of the body.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the three cardinal planes of the human body: sagittal, frontal, and transverse. Learn about how these planes divide the body and their anatomical significance.
