Blood Vessels Chapter 19 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of erythropoietin in the body?

  • Facilitate oxygen transport
  • Stimulate white blood cell production
  • Regulate blood pressure
  • Promote red blood cell production (correct)

Which component of blood is NOT considered a formed element?

  • Leukocytes
  • Platelets
  • Plasma (correct)
  • Erythrocytes

Which of the following white blood cells plays a key role in responding to parasitic infections?

  • Eosinophils (correct)
  • Monocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils

What percentage of blood volume is typically plasma?

<p>55% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recognized as a key symptom of pernicious anemia?

<p>Vitamin B12 deficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What metal ion is essential for oxygen binding in hemoglobin?

<p>Iron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart primarily pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

<p>Left ventricle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the volume percentage of red blood cells in blood?

<p>Hematocrit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do inflammatory conditions have on blood vessels?

<p>Increase permeability and leakage into tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the hepatic portal circulation?

<p>To regulate the absorption of nutrients from the gut to the liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature is vital for arteries to manage high-pressure blood flow?

<p>Thick tunica media with elastic fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor type is responsible for detecting changes in blood gases and pH levels?

<p>Chemoreceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does systemic blood pressure change from arteries to veins?

<p>It decreases progressively (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mitral valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle into which chamber?

<p>Left atrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pacemaker of the heart located in?

<p>Sinoatrial node (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is associated with ventricular relaxation?

<p>Diastole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?

<p>Pulmonary semilunar valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the innermost layer of a blood vessel called?

<p>Tunica intima (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessels are known as resistance vessels due to their role in regulating blood pressure?

<p>Arterioles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature allows veins to return blood to the heart despite low pressure?

<p>Valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is the largest in the body?

<p>Aorta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition refers to the abnormal narrowing of heart valves?

<p>Stenosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the vasa vasorum?

<p>To supply blood to vessel walls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for producing antibodies?

<p>B lymphocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is released by platelets to enhance vascular spasm and platelet aggregation?

<p>Serotonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by excessive red blood cell production?

<p>Polycythemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to iron released from hemoglobin during RBC breakdown?

<p>It binds to transferrin for transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leukocyte releases histamine during allergic reactions?

<p>Basophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ removes old and damaged red blood cells from circulation?

<p>Spleen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by decreased WBC count and is often drug-induced?

<p>Leukopenia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes red blood cells that are larger than normal due to vitamin B12 deficiency?

<p>Macrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sign is associated with chronic hemorrhagic anemia?

<p>Low oxygen-carrying capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which WBC becomes a macrophage in tissues?

<p>Monocyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?

<p>As bicarbonate ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disorder is characterized by excessive bleeding due to a deficiency in clotting factors?

<p>Hemophilia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anemia results from destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow?

<p>Aplastic anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant cation in plasma?

<p>Sodium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance in plasma helps to buffer pH changes?

<p>Bicarbonate ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which WBC is crucial in defending against chronic infections?

<p>Monocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plasma protein is integral in immune responses and antibody formation?

<p>Globulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of veins in the circulatory system?

<p>Store significant volumes of blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel is primarily responsible for distributing blood to specific body organs?

<p>Muscular arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of arteries are known as resistance vessels that control blood flow into capillary beds?

<p>Arterioles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do precapillary sphincters play in blood flow regulation?

<p>Control blood flow into capillary beds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of capillary is most commonly found in the brain and helps form the blood-brain barrier?

<p>Continuous capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by dilated veins due to incompetent valves?

<p>Varicose veins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vascular structure is primarily responsible for regulating blood flow into capillary beds?

<p>Arterioles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly affects peripheral resistance in blood vessels?

<p>Vessel diameter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological force is the main contributor to blood movement throughout the circulatory system?

<p>Blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows blood to flow in one direction within veins?

<p>Venous valves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force that facilitates blood flow throughout the circulatory system?

<p>Blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe a direct blood flow pathway that bypasses capillary beds?

<p>Vascular shunt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arteries is the most significant in terms of size within the human body?

<p>Aorta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest artery in the human body?

<p>Aorta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the artery is crucial for maintaining blood pressure?

<p>Tunica media (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are baroreceptors, which help to regulate blood pressure, predominantly located?

<p>Aortic arch and carotid sinus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for regulating blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction?

<p>Renin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of capillary is predominantly present in the brain, contributing to the formation of the blood-brain barrier?

<p>Continuous capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood vessel has the thinnest walls for efficient gas and nutrient exchange?

<p>Capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the tunica externa serve in blood vessels?

<p>Anchors vessels to surrounding tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anastomosis in the circulatory system?

<p>Alternating pathways for blood flow between vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel type includes vasa vasorum, a network that nourishes its outer walls?

<p>Large veins and arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the inherent rate of depolarization of the AV node?

<p>40–60 beats per minute (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest vein type responsible for draining blood from capillaries?

<p>Venules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure carries impulses from the AV node to the ventricles?

<p>Bundle of His (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by painful, enlarged veins due to valve incompetence?

<p>Varicose veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of capillary sphincters is to control what?

<p>Blood flow into capillary beds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cardiac output if the heart rate is 75 beats per minute and the stroke volume is 70 mL per beat?

<p>5.25 L/min (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of artery has the most substantial tunica media?

<p>Muscular arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle?

<p>Aortic valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves rapid, irregular contractions of the heart, leading to inadequate blood pumping?

<p>Fibrillation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial in affecting peripheral resistance in the circulatory system?

<p>Vessel diameter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The abnormal weakening and bulging of an arterial wall is known as what?

<p>Aneurysm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cardiac event corresponds to the QRS complex on an ECG?

<p>Ventricular depolarization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the contraction phase of the heart?

<p>Systole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which coronary artery supplies blood to the left ventricle and interventricular septum?

<p>Left anterior descending artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does calcium play in cardiac muscle contraction?

<p>Binds to troponin for muscle contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle fiber does the heart primarily rely on for energy?

<p>Aerobic fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of capillary is the most permeable, with large gaps and an incomplete basement membrane?

<p>Sinusoidal capillary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the blood vessel wall is composed primarily of smooth muscle and elastic fibers?

<p>Tunica media (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of venous valves?

<p>Prevent backflow of blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels control the flow of blood into capillary beds by vasoconstriction or vasodilation?

<p>Arterioles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plasma percentage in blood

About 55% of blood volume is plasma.

Blood components (not formed elements)

Plasma is not part of the formed elements.

Average RBC lifespan

Red blood cells typically live for 100-120 days.

Erythropoietin production site

Kidneys primarily produce erythropoietin.

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Hemoglobin's essential metal

Iron is crucial for oxygen binding within hemoglobin.

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Hematocrit definition

Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in the blood.

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Chamber receiving deoxygenated blood

The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body.

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Primary role of platelets

Platelets are vital for blood clot formation.

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Mitral Valve Backflow

The mitral valve prevents blood from flowing back from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular relaxation.

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Heart's Pacemaker

The sinoatrial (SA) node is the primary pacemaker of the heart.

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Cardiac Cycle Relaxation

Diastole is the phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles relax.

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Right Ventricle Valve

The pulmonary semilunar valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

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Valve Narrowing

Stenosis is the abnormal narrowing of heart valves.

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Blood Vessel Innermost Layer

The tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel.

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Resistance Vessels

Arterioles are known as resistance vessels because they regulate blood pressure.

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Continuous Capillaries Location

Continuous capillaries are typically found in the brain and skeletal muscles.

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Vein Blood Return

Veins have valves to help return blood to the heart despite low pressure.

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Largest Artery

The aorta is the largest artery in the body.

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Vasa Vasorum Function

The vasa vasorum supply blood to the walls of blood vessels themselves.

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Antibody Production Cells

B lymphocytes produce antibodies.

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Blood Clot Formation Agent

Serotonin is released by platelets to enhance vascular spasm and platelet aggregation.

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Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia

Pernicious anemia results from lack of intrinsic factor leading to vitamin B12 deficiency.

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Hemophilia A Factor

Hemophilia A is a deficiency of clotting factor VIII.

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Iron transport in RBC breakdown

Iron released from hemoglobin during red blood cell breakdown binds to transferrin for transport in the blood.

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Histamine release cell

Basophils release histamine during allergic reactions.

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RBC removal organ

The spleen removes old and damaged red blood cells.

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Leukopenia cause

Leukopenia is a decreased white blood cell count, often drug-induced.

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Macrocyte cause

Macrocytes are larger-than-normal red blood cells, usually due to vitamin B12 deficiency.

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Chronic hemorrhagic anemia sign

A sign of chronic hemorrhagic anemia is a low oxygen-carrying capacity.

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Tissue macrophage

Monocytes become macrophages in tissues.

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CO2 transport

Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions.

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Hemophilia

Hemophilia is a blood disorder caused by a deficiency in clotting factors, resulting in excessive bleeding.

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Aplastic anemia cause

Aplastic anemia is caused by the destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow cells.

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Plasma's most abundant cation

Sodium is the most abundant cation in plasma.

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Plasma pH buffer

Bicarbonate ions in plasma help buffer pH changes.

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Chronic infection WBC

Monocytes are involved in defense against chronic infections.

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Plasma immune protein

Globulins in plasma are involved in immune responses and form antibodies.

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Polycythemia vera cause

Polycythemia vera is primarily caused by bone marrow cancer.

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Blood hormone transport

Plasma transports hormones throughout the body.

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WBC movement to infection

Chemotaxis is the movement of white blood cells towards infection-fighting chemicals.

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Fibrillation

A life-threatening condition characterized by rapid, irregular contractions of the heart, hindering its ability to effectively pump blood.

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Vagus nerve and heart rate

The vagus nerve, a cranial nerve, slows down the heart rate by influencing the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is the heart's natural pacemaker.

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AV node depolarization rate

The atrioventricular (AV) node, responsible for delaying electrical impulses between the atria and ventricles, has an inherent depolarization rate of 40-60 beats per minute.

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Pulmonary congestion

A condition where fluid accumulates in the lungs, often caused by failure of the left side of the heart.

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Systole

The contraction phase of the heart during which blood is ejected from the ventricles.

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Aortic valve function

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle.

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Calcium's role in cardiac contraction

Calcium plays a critical role by binding to troponin, triggering a series of events that allow the contraction of cardiac muscle fibers.

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Bundle of His

A specialized conduction pathway in the heart that carries electrical impulses from the AV node to the ventricles.

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Right ventricle's blood destination

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk, which carries it to the lungs.

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Left anterior descending artery

This coronary artery supplies blood to the left ventricle, the most powerful chamber of the heart, and the interventricular septum.

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QRS complex & ventricle depolarization

The QRS complex on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the electrical depolarization of the ventricles, which leads to their contraction.

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Cardiac output calculation

Cardiac output, the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, is calculated by multiplying the heart rate by the stroke volume.

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Interventricular septum's function

The interventricular septum, a wall separating the left and right ventricles, prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

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Autorhythmicity

The heart's inherent ability to initiate its own electrical impulses, enabling it to beat rhythmically without external stimulation.

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Valvular stenosis

A condition where heart valve cusps become thickened and stiff, narrowing the valve opening and restricting blood flow.

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What decreases blood flow and increases resistance?

Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels, resulting in decreased blood flow and increased resistance to blood flow.

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Which hormone lowers blood pressure?

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone released by the heart that lowers blood pressure by promoting sodium excretion and vasodilation.

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Hepatic portal vein function

The hepatic portal vein carries blood rich in nutrients and toxins from the digestive organs directly to the liver for processing before entering general circulation.

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Why does blood pressure decrease in veins?

Blood pressure decreases progressively as blood moves from arteries to veins because of the increasing distance from the heart and the expanding vessel network.

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What is vasculitis?

Vasculitis is the inflammation of blood vessels, causing increased permeability and leakage of fluid into surrounding tissues.

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Blood Flow Driver

Blood pressure is the primary force propelling blood through the circulatory system.

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Vascular Shunt

A vascular shunt is a direct connection between an arteriole and a venule, bypassing capillary beds.

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Baroreceptor Location

Baroreceptors, which detect blood pressure changes, are found in the aortic arch and carotid sinus.

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Brain Capillary Type

Continuous capillaries are most common in the brain, forming the blood-brain barrier.

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Tunica Externa's Role

The tunica externa anchors blood vessels to surrounding tissues.

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Vasa Vasorum

Vasa vasorum is a network of small blood vessels that nourish the walls of large veins and arteries.

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Smallest Vein

Venules are the smallest veins, draining blood from capillaries.

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Varicose Veins

Varicose veins are abnormally dilated and twisted veins caused by incompetent valves.

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Capillary Sphincter Function

Capillary sphincters control blood flow into capillary beds by constricting or dilating.

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Thickest Tunica Media

Arteries have the thickest tunica media, composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers.

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Peripheral Resistance Factor

Vessel diameter is the most significant factor affecting peripheral resistance.

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Aneurysm

An aneurysm is an abnormal bulging or ballooning of an arterial wall.

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Anastomoses

Anastomoses are connections between blood vessels providing alternate pathways for blood flow.

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Capacitance Vessel

A vein that acts as a blood reservoir, capable of holding a large volume of blood.

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Blood-Brain Barrier Formation

Continuous capillaries help form the blood-brain barrier, preventing harmful substances from entering the brain.

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Tunica Externa Function

The outermost layer of blood vessels that anchors them to surrounding tissues.

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Smallest Vein Type

Venules are the smallest veins that collect blood from capillaries.

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Varicose Veins Cause

Painful, dilated veins caused by incompetent valves that allow blood to flow backward.

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Aneurysm Definition

An abnormal ballooning or bulging of an arterial wall.

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Anastomoses Function

Connections between blood vessels that provide alternative pathways for blood flow.

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Study Notes

Chapter 19: Blood Vessels – Additional Questions

  • Venous Sinuses: A specialized structure in the venous system flattening veins, reducing resistance, and supporting blood flow in areas like the brain and heart
  • Fenestrated Capillaries: Present in the kidneys, intestines, and endocrine glands, these capillaries feature small pores ("fenestrations") that enhance permeability for fluid exchange
  • Thoracic Pump: Aids venous return by creating pressure differences within the thorax during breathing, pushing blood from lower extremities back to the heart
  • Precapillary Sphincters: Control blood flow in capillaries, directing blood based on tissue needs for maximum oxygen delivery
  • Pulse Pressure: The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures; measures the strength of an arterial pulse
  • Capillary Cross-Sectional Area: Capillaries exhibit the highest cross-sectional area in the circulatory system, facilitating efficient nutrient and gas exchange, due to the reduction in blood velocity to enable this function
  • Vasoconstriction: Reduces blood flow and increases resistance to blood flow
  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP): A hormone that lowers blood pressure by promoting sodium excretion and causing vasodilation.
  • Hepatic Portal Vein: Drains the digestive organs, transporting absorbed nutrients and toxins to the liver for processing before entering systemic circulation
  • Systemic Blood Pressure Gradient: Systemically decreases as blood travels from arteries to veins due to the increasing resistance in the progressively expanding vessel diameters
  • Vasculitis: An inflammatory condition affecting blood vessels, increasing their permeability and leading to leakage into surrounding tissues.
  • Lymphatic Vessels: Drain excess interstitial fluid returned to the circulatory system
  • Artery Structure (Tunica Media): Essential for absorbing pressure generated by heart contractions due to the thick tunica media containing elastic fibers
  • Hepatic Portal Circulation: Directs blood from digestive organs to the liver for filtering nutrients and toxins before they reach the general circulation
  • Chemoreceptors: Monitor blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH

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Description

Test your knowledge on Chapter 19 about blood vessels, including topics such as venous sinuses, fenestrated capillaries, and the thoracic pump. This quiz covers essential concepts related to circulatory function and structure within the human body.

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