Blood Types and Antigens Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the result when blood type O is mixed with blood type A?

No agglutination occurs (correct)

Agglutination of both A and O occurs

Agglutination of type O occurs only

Agglutination of type A occurs only

What combination of alleles results in blood type AB?

IO and IO

IA and IO

IA and IB (correct)

IB and IO

Which of the following blood types has no functional agglutinogen?

Type AB

Type B

Type O (correct)

Type A

What are the two antigens present on the surfaces of RBCs that determine blood types?

Type A and Type B Antigens Signup and view all the answers

What are the major blood types classified by in transfusion reactions?

ABO system and the Rh system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following descriptions is true about type A blood?

Only contains A agglutinogen Signup and view all the answers

How is a person's blood type determined genetically?

Inherited independently from each parent Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process in which RBCs clump together due to the presence of specific antigens?

Agglutination Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely consequence of releasing hemoglobin during a transfusion mismatch?

Hemolysis of the recipient's red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of agglutinins in the blood typing process?

To trigger the immune response against foreign antigens Signup and view all the answers

How many different forms of the gene exist for the ABO blood group genetic locus?

Three alleles Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is known to have no A or B antigens present on the RBCs?

Blood Type O Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the type O allele in blood genetics?

It is functionless or almost functionless Signup and view all the answers

What condition can occur due to incompatibility between a mother's and a fetus's blood types?

Erythroblastosis Fetalis Signup and view all the answers

What are agglutinogens primarily responsible for during blood transfusions?

Causing RBC agglutination and transfusion reactions Signup and view all the answers

The term 'antigenicity' refers to which of the following?

The capacity of an antigen to stimulate an immune response Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from the precipitation of bilirubin in neuronal cells due to severe anemia in erythroblastosis fetalis?

Kernicterus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of replacing a neonate's blood with Rh- blood in the treatment of erythroblastosis fetalis?

To reduce bilirubin levels Signup and view all the answers

At what gestational age should Rh immunoglobulin be administered to expectant mothers to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis?

28 to 30 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type indicates the presence of antigen D on red blood cells?

D-positive Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical procedure for blood replacement in neonates with erythroblastosis fetalis?

400 mL every 1.5 hours or more Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if the bilirubin levels in a neonate's blood remain too high?

Permanent brain damage Signup and view all the answers

How long does blood replacement typically take until the transfused Rh- cells are replaced by the infant's own Rh+ cells?

6 or more weeks Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood is used for the replacement in erythroblastosis fetalis treatment?

Rh-negative blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of transfusion reactions mentioned?

Acute renal failure Signup and view all the answers

Which type of graft has the least chance of rejection?

Isograft Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes autografts?

Transplant from one part of the same animal to another Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the population is Rh positive?

95% Signup and view all the answers

What may occur if anti-D antibodies attach to fetal Rh-positive RBCs?

Interference with the immune response to D antigen Signup and view all the answers

Which type of graft is considered a xenograft?

From one species to another species Signup and view all the answers

What is a common physiological effect of hemolysis during a transfusion reaction?

Release of hemoglobin into circulation Signup and view all the answers

What can be a lethal outcome of transfusion reactions?

Acute renal failure leading to death Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence of an antigen-antibody reaction during xenograft transplantation?

Death of cells in the graft Signup and view all the answers

What physiological condition can arise due to hemolysis following a transfusion reaction?

Chronic kidney disease Signup and view all the answers

How is bone marrow collected for transplantation?

Through apheresis or directly from the bone Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of donor DNA indicate after a bone marrow transplant?

Successful integration of the graft Signup and view all the answers

What might occur if the recipient's blood pressure drops significantly post-transfusion?

Increased levels of hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the hemoglobin released during a hemolytic reaction?

It can trigger toxic responses in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome when a bone marrow transplant is rejected?

Elevated levels of recipient's own DNA Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the mechanism of acute injury following a transfusion reaction?

Release of toxic substances from hemolyzing blood Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Types and Antigenicity

Blood type determination involves the presence of A and B antigens (agglutinogens) on red blood cells (RBCs).
Antigens trigger immune reactions, with at least 30 common types and numerous rare antigens impacting blood compatibility.
Hemolysis can lead to the release of hemoglobin, causing complications during incompatible blood transfusions.

Major O-A-B Blood Types and Genetics

ABO blood types consist of four main groups:
- Type O: No A or B agglutinogen present.
- Type A: A agglutinogen only.
- Type B: B agglutinogen only.
- Type AB: Both A and B agglutinogens present.
The ABO blood group has three alleles: IA (A), IB (B), and IO (O) which influence the blood type expressed.
Type O allele is non-functional, leading to no significant A or B agglutinogen production.

Agglutinins and Agglutination Process

Agglutinins are antibodies present in plasma that can react with incompatible agglutinogens during transfusions.
The agglutination process can lead to severe transfusion reactions, highlighting the importance of matching donor and recipient blood types.

Rh Blood Type System

Rh blood type is determined by the presence of D antigen on RBCs, categorized as D-positive or D-negative.
Approximately 95% of the population is Rh-positive.
Erythroblastosis fetalis can occur if an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus, leading to hemolytic disease.

Treatment and Prevention of Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Treatment involves multiple blood replacements with Rh-negative blood in affected neonates to reduce bilirubin levels and prevent permanent brain damage.
Prevention is achieved through administering anti-D immunoglobulin to expectant Rh-negative mothers during pregnancy.

Transplantation Types

Autograft: Tissue or organ transplanted from one part of the same individual to another (e.g., skin).
Isograft: Transplantation between identical twins, typically with minimal rejection risk.
Allograft: Transplantation from one individual to another of the same species.
Xenograft: Transplant from a different species, typically associated with high rejection rates.

Acute Kidney Injury After Transfusion Reactions

Transfusion reactions can lead to acute renal failure due to hemolysis, which releases toxic substances causing renal vasoconstriction.
Symptoms may include jaundice from bilirubin accumulation and potential chronic kidney disease if not treated promptly.

Bone Marrow Transplantation

Bone marrow transplants involve collecting stem cells through aspiration or apheresis and introducing them into the recipient's bloodstream.
Post-transplant, DNA testing can determine graft acceptance or rejection by comparing recipient DNA with donor DNA; significant donor DNA loss indicates rejection.

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Description

Explore the intricacies of blood types with a focus on O, A, and B antigens. This quiz delves into the important roles of agglutinogens and their impact on blood classification. Assess your understanding of how these antigens function on red blood cells.