Blood Types and Antigens Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the result when blood type O is mixed with blood type A?

  • No agglutination occurs (correct)
  • Agglutination of both A and O occurs
  • Agglutination of type O occurs only
  • Agglutination of type A occurs only
  • What combination of alleles results in blood type AB?

  • IO and IO
  • IA and IO
  • IA and IB (correct)
  • IB and IO
  • Which of the following blood types has no functional agglutinogen?

  • Type AB
  • Type B
  • Type O (correct)
  • Type A
  • What are the two antigens present on the surfaces of RBCs that determine blood types?

    <p>Type A and Type B Antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major blood types classified by in transfusion reactions?

    <p>ABO system and the Rh system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following descriptions is true about type A blood?

    <p>Only contains A agglutinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a person's blood type determined genetically?

    <p>Inherited independently from each parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process in which RBCs clump together due to the presence of specific antigens?

    <p>Agglutination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely consequence of releasing hemoglobin during a transfusion mismatch?

    <p>Hemolysis of the recipient's red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of agglutinins in the blood typing process?

    <p>To trigger the immune response against foreign antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different forms of the gene exist for the ABO blood group genetic locus?

    <p>Three alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type is known to have no A or B antigens present on the RBCs?

    <p>Blood Type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the type O allele in blood genetics?

    <p>It is functionless or almost functionless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can occur due to incompatibility between a mother's and a fetus's blood types?

    <p>Erythroblastosis Fetalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are agglutinogens primarily responsible for during blood transfusions?

    <p>Causing RBC agglutination and transfusion reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'antigenicity' refers to which of the following?

    <p>The capacity of an antigen to stimulate an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from the precipitation of bilirubin in neuronal cells due to severe anemia in erythroblastosis fetalis?

    <p>Kernicterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of replacing a neonate's blood with Rh- blood in the treatment of erythroblastosis fetalis?

    <p>To reduce bilirubin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what gestational age should Rh immunoglobulin be administered to expectant mothers to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis?

    <p>28 to 30 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type indicates the presence of antigen D on red blood cells?

    <p>D-positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical procedure for blood replacement in neonates with erythroblastosis fetalis?

    <p>400 mL every 1.5 hours or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur if the bilirubin levels in a neonate's blood remain too high?

    <p>Permanent brain damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does blood replacement typically take until the transfused Rh- cells are replaced by the infant's own Rh+ cells?

    <p>6 or more weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood is used for the replacement in erythroblastosis fetalis treatment?

    <p>Rh-negative blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of transfusion reactions mentioned?

    <p>Acute renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of graft has the least chance of rejection?

    <p>Isograft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes autografts?

    <p>Transplant from one part of the same animal to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population is Rh positive?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may occur if anti-D antibodies attach to fetal Rh-positive RBCs?

    <p>Interference with the immune response to D antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of graft is considered a xenograft?

    <p>From one species to another species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common physiological effect of hemolysis during a transfusion reaction?

    <p>Release of hemoglobin into circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a lethal outcome of transfusion reactions?

    <p>Acute renal failure leading to death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consequence of an antigen-antibody reaction during xenograft transplantation?

    <p>Death of cells in the graft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological condition can arise due to hemolysis following a transfusion reaction?

    <p>Chronic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is bone marrow collected for transplantation?

    <p>Through apheresis or directly from the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of donor DNA indicate after a bone marrow transplant?

    <p>Successful integration of the graft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might occur if the recipient's blood pressure drops significantly post-transfusion?

    <p>Increased levels of hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the hemoglobin released during a hemolytic reaction?

    <p>It can trigger toxic responses in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome when a bone marrow transplant is rejected?

    <p>Elevated levels of recipient's own DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the mechanism of acute injury following a transfusion reaction?

    <p>Release of toxic substances from hemolyzing blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Types and Antigenicity

    • Blood type determination involves the presence of A and B antigens (agglutinogens) on red blood cells (RBCs).
    • Antigens trigger immune reactions, with at least 30 common types and numerous rare antigens impacting blood compatibility.
    • Hemolysis can lead to the release of hemoglobin, causing complications during incompatible blood transfusions.

    Major O-A-B Blood Types and Genetics

    • ABO blood types consist of four main groups:
      • Type O: No A or B agglutinogen present.
      • Type A: A agglutinogen only.
      • Type B: B agglutinogen only.
      • Type AB: Both A and B agglutinogens present.
    • The ABO blood group has three alleles: IA (A), IB (B), and IO (O) which influence the blood type expressed.
    • Type O allele is non-functional, leading to no significant A or B agglutinogen production.

    Agglutinins and Agglutination Process

    • Agglutinins are antibodies present in plasma that can react with incompatible agglutinogens during transfusions.
    • The agglutination process can lead to severe transfusion reactions, highlighting the importance of matching donor and recipient blood types.

    Rh Blood Type System

    • Rh blood type is determined by the presence of D antigen on RBCs, categorized as D-positive or D-negative.
    • Approximately 95% of the population is Rh-positive.
    • Erythroblastosis fetalis can occur if an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus, leading to hemolytic disease.

    Treatment and Prevention of Erythroblastosis Fetalis

    • Treatment involves multiple blood replacements with Rh-negative blood in affected neonates to reduce bilirubin levels and prevent permanent brain damage.
    • Prevention is achieved through administering anti-D immunoglobulin to expectant Rh-negative mothers during pregnancy.

    Transplantation Types

    • Autograft: Tissue or organ transplanted from one part of the same individual to another (e.g., skin).
    • Isograft: Transplantation between identical twins, typically with minimal rejection risk.
    • Allograft: Transplantation from one individual to another of the same species.
    • Xenograft: Transplant from a different species, typically associated with high rejection rates.

    Acute Kidney Injury After Transfusion Reactions

    • Transfusion reactions can lead to acute renal failure due to hemolysis, which releases toxic substances causing renal vasoconstriction.
    • Symptoms may include jaundice from bilirubin accumulation and potential chronic kidney disease if not treated promptly.

    Bone Marrow Transplantation

    • Bone marrow transplants involve collecting stem cells through aspiration or apheresis and introducing them into the recipient's bloodstream.
    • Post-transplant, DNA testing can determine graft acceptance or rejection by comparing recipient DNA with donor DNA; significant donor DNA loss indicates rejection.

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    Description

    Explore the intricacies of blood types with a focus on O, A, and B antigens. This quiz delves into the important roles of agglutinogens and their impact on blood classification. Assess your understanding of how these antigens function on red blood cells.

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