Blood Transfusion: Types and Blood Typing
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Questions and Answers

In a hemolytic transfusion reaction, which of the following mechanisms directly leads to the destruction of donor red blood cells?

  • Activation of sodium citrate preventing coagulation.
  • Recipient IgG antibodies opsonizing the donor cells for phagocytosis.
  • IgM antibody activation of complement proteins, forming a membrane attack complex. (correct)
  • The aggregation of platelets due to the release of clotting factors.

Which of the following scenarios would most likely lead to a hemolytic transfusion reaction?

  • A transfusion of packed red blood cells to a recipient with iron deficiency anemia ensuring ABO compatibility.
  • A homologous transfusion where the recipient has pre-existing IgM antibodies against the donor's red blood cell glycoproteins. (correct)
  • A homologous transfusion where the donor and recipient have compatible ABO and Rh blood types.
  • An autologous transfusion where the patient receives their own previously stored blood.

Why is sodium citrate added to collected blood before transfusion or storage?

  • To facilitate the separation of blood components via centrifuge.
  • To prevent the activation of IgM antibodies, decreasing the likelihood of a transfusion reaction.
  • To prevent coagulation by binding calcium ions, which are essential for the clotting cascade. (correct)
  • To activate complement proteins, reducing the risk of infection.

What is the primary rationale for matching the ABO and Rh blood types between a donor and a recipient before a blood transfusion?

<p>To prevent the recipient's immune system from recognizing the donor's red blood cell glycoproteins as foreign antigens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of blood transfusions, what distinguishes an autologous transfusion from a homologous transfusion?

<p>Autologous transfusions involve receiving one's own blood, while homologous transfusions involve receiving blood from a donor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood component is primarily administered to individuals suffering from anemia?

<p>Packed red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells important in the context of blood transfusions?

<p>They act as antigens and determine blood type, potentially triggering an immune response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of IgM antibodies in a hemolytic transfusion reaction?

<p>They bind to donor red blood cells and activate the complement system, leading to cell lysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In emergency situations, why might an Rh-negative individual receive Rh-positive blood despite the risk of a hemolytic transfusion reaction?

<p>Rh-negative individuals do not have naturally occurring Rh antibodies, and a single exposure to Rh-positive blood may not cause an immediate severe reaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does crossmatching enhance transfusion safety beyond what is achieved through blood typing for ABO and Rh factors?

<p>Crossmatching detects the presence of unexpected antibodies against less common red blood cell antigens beyond A, B, and Rh. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient with blood type A+ requires a blood transfusion, which of the following blood types can they safely receive?

<p>A+ and O- (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are individuals with blood type O considered universal donors, and what limitations do they face as recipients?

<p>They lack A and B antigens on their red blood cells, enabling them to donate to any ABO type, but they can only receive type O blood due to having both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What immunological mechanism underlies a hemolytic transfusion reaction following an incompatible blood transfusion?

<p>Antibody-mediated complement activation and phagocytosis of donor red blood cells by the recipient’s immune system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During blood typing, if a sample of red blood cells agglutinates with both anti-A and anti-B sera, but not with anti-Rh serum, what is the individual’s blood type?

<p>Type AB- (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with type B+ blood is accidentally transfused with type A+ blood. Beyond immediate interventions, what long-term immunological consequence must be considered?

<p>The patient will develop anti-A antibodies, complicating future transfusions and potentially causing hemolytic disease of the newborn in female patients. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you explain the role of glycoproteins in determining blood types within the ABO system?

<p>Glycoproteins are surface antigens on red blood cells that define ABO blood types based on their presence or absence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a blood transfusion, a recipient experiences fever, hypotension, and a rash shortly after the transfusion begins. Which antibody is most likely responsible for triggering this systemic immune response?

<p>IgM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the Rh factor in blood transfusions, particularly concerning Rh-negative individuals and the potential for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN).

<p>Rh incompatibility between a mother and fetus can lead to the mother producing antibodies against the fetal red blood cells, causing HDFN and transfusion reactions in Rh-negative individuals upon exposure to Rh-positive blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Blood Transfusion

Procedure where a person receives blood or blood components intravenously.

Blood Components (layers)

Red blood cells, platelets and immune cells, and plasma.

Component Transfusion

Transfusion using components of the blood such as packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma or platelets.

Homologous Transfusion

Blood from an anonymous donor.

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Autologous Transfusion

Blood taken from the recipient at a prior time.

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Sodium Citrate

Prevents blood from clotting during storage.

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ABO and Rh Systems

Classification systems based on glycoproteins on red blood cells.

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Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction

Recipient's immune system attacks donor red blood cells due to mismatched antigens.

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IgM in transfusion reactions

Triggers systemic immune response causing fever, hypotension, and rash.

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ABO System

Glycoproteins (A, B, or none) on red blood cells determining blood type.

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AB Blood Type

No A or B antibodies; universal recipients (can receive any blood type). Can only donate to AB.

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O Blood Type

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies; universal donors (can donate to any blood type). Can only receive O.

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Rh Factor

Presence (+) or absence (-) of the Rh antigen on red blood cells.

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Rh Negative Sensitization

Recipient develops antibodies against donor red blood cells after exposure.

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Blood Typing

Mixing serum with known antibodies to identify antigens on red blood cells.

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Crossmatching

Mixing recipient serum with donor blood to check for agglutination (clumping).

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Study Notes

  • Blood transfusion involves receiving blood or its components, usually through an intravenous infusion.

Blood Components

  • Centrifugation separates blood into three layers:
    • Erythrocytes (red blood cells) at the bottom
    • Buffy coat (platelets and immune cells) in the middle
    • Plasma at the top
  • Whole blood transfusions are rare, components are usually transfused.
  • Anemia may require packed red blood cells.
  • Clotting factor deficiency may require fresh frozen plasma.
  • Platelet deficiency may require platelets.

Transfusion Types

  • Homologous transfusions use blood from an anonymous donor.
  • Autologous transfusions use the recipient's own stored blood.
  • Blood is mixed with sodium citrate to prevent coagulation and then refrigerated, frozen, or separated.

Blood Typing

  • Blood typing is essential before transfusions to determine blood group, based on ABO and Rh systems.
  • These systems classify blood using glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells.
  • Glycoproteins can act as antigens if introduced to a person lacking them, causing an immune response.
  • Recipient IgM antibodies can bind to donor red blood cells, causing clumping and activating complement proteins.
  • Activation of complement proteins leads to cell lysis via a membrane attack complex causing a hemolytic transfusion reaction.
  • Hemolytic transfusion reactions also trigger a systemic immune response with fever, hypotension, and rash.

ABO System

  • The ABO system is based on A and B glycoproteins on red blood cells.
  • Type A blood has antibodies to type B blood.
  • Type B blood has antibodies to type A blood.
  • Type AB blood has no antibodies to A or B, making them universal recipients.
    • However, AB blood can only be donated to other AB individuals.
  • Type O blood has antibodies to both A and B, making them universal donors.
    • However, Type O blood can only receive O blood.

Rh System

  • The Rh system classifies blood as Rh positive (antigen present) or Rh negative (antigen absent).
  • Rh positive individuals can receive Rh negative or Rh positive blood.
  • Rh negative individuals can develop hemolytic transfusion reactions if given Rh positive blood.
  • Rh positive blood is avoided in Rh negative patients.
  • Rh antibodies are not naturally occurring, requiring prior exposure to Rh positive RBCs to develop.

Typing and Crossmatching

  • Blood typing involves mixing serum with anti-A and anti-B antibodies to detect agglutination.
  • Agglutination indicates the presence of the corresponding glycoprotein.
  • The same procedure determines Rh status.
  • Blood types are reported as ABO group and Rh status (positive or negative), resulting in eight possible blood types: A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, and O-.
  • Crossmatching mixes recipient serum with donor blood to check for agglutination.
  • Agglutination during crossmatching means the recipient has antibodies against the donor's blood, making the blood incompatible.
  • Crossmatching identifies additional incompatibilities beyond ABO and Rh factors.

Recap

  • Blood transfusions involve receiving whole blood or its components.
  • Antibodies develop against antigens not present in a person's own blood, potentially causing hemolytic transfusion reactions.
  • Antigens are glycoproteins on red blood cells, classified by the ABO and Rh systems (A, B, AB, O; Rh positive or negative).
  • Hemolytic transfusion reactions can occur if blood is not properly crossmatched and typed.

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Description

Blood transfusion involves receiving blood or its components through an intravenous infusion. Blood typing is essential before transfusions to determine blood group, based on ABO and Rh systems. The different blood components include erythrocytes, platelets, and plasma.

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