Blood Transfusion Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a blood transfusion?

  • To increase body temperature
  • To improve physical appearance
  • To replace lost components of the blood (correct)
  • To reduce blood pressure

Who discovered the ABO blood group system?

  • Blundell
  • Richard Lewisohn
  • Karl Landsteiner (correct)
  • Hermann von Helmholtz

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for clotting?

  • Platelets (correct)
  • Plasma
  • White blood cells
  • Red blood cells

What significant advancement in blood transfusion took place during World War II?

<p>Development of blood plasma separation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as 'panda blood' in the content?

<p>Rh-negative blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anticoagulant was recognized as safe and effective during World War I?

<p>Citrate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Blundell conduct the first successful transfusion to treat postpartum hemorrhage?

<p>1818 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did early transfusion experiments in the 1660s involve?

<p>Transfusion between different species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the Rh blood group system?

<p>It consists mainly of antigens on red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the historical significance of the 1944 poster mentioned in the content?

<p>To encourage civilians to donate blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components tested during pretransfusion testing?

<p>ABO type, Rh(D) type, and compatibility testing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood component transfusion is associated with the least number of adverse reactions?

<p>Red cell transfusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for effective platelet transfusion in actively bleeding patients?

<p>Platelet counts should be above 50 × 10^9/L in most situations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the corrected count increment (CCI) indicate after platelet transfusion?

<p>Determination of the effectiveness of platelet transfusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the storage temperature for red blood cells after donation?

<p>1-6°C for up to 42 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is considered the universal donor for red blood cell transfusions?

<p>Type O negative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common disadvantage of using whole blood for transfusion?

<p>Higher risk of immune reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a red blood cell filter during transfusion?

<p>To eliminate leukocytes and reduce transfusion reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of transfusion, what does the term 'alloiimmunization' refer to?

<p>Development of antibodies against foreign blood group antigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is washed red blood cells used in certain transfusion scenarios?

<p>To eliminate plasma proteins and reduce allergic reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an indication for fresh frozen plasma transfusion?

<p>Coagulation factor deficiency when specific concentrates are unavailable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical method for preparing fresh frozen plasma after blood donation?

<p>Separation and freezing within 6-8 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population may require leukoreduced red blood cells?

<p>Patients with a history of autoimmune disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main rationale behind using component transfusion rather than whole blood?

<p>Fewer transfusion reactions and tailored treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for intraoperative autologous blood transfusion?

<p>Presence of severe hypertension (A), History of heart disease (C), Severe anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the process of intraoperative autologous blood transfusion, which of the following steps is NOT typically involved?

<p>Direct infusion without processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition would most likely lead to a febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction?

<p>Presence of HLA antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of secondary hemochromatosis resulting from multiple blood transfusions?

<p>Iron overload (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario should blood not be recovered for autotransfusion?

<p>When the blood has been outside the vessel for over 6 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is indicative of a serious acute hemolytic transfusion reaction?

<p>Oliguria and jaundice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse reaction is associated with transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)?

<p>Acute respiratory distress without circulatory overload (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which response best characterizes an allergic transfusion reaction?

<p>Triggered by IgE antibodies against transfused products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is necessary for acute hemolytic transfusion reactions?

<p>Immediate cessation of the transfusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO)?

<p>Manifests as fluid accumulation and heart failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of post-transfusion purpura (PTP)?

<p>Thrombocytopenia and bleeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should be monitored closely after administering over 3000 ml of autologous blood during a procedure?

<p>Coagulation function to prevent bleeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transfusion-related infection is caused by improperly stored blood components?

<p>Sepsis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should be taken to prevent transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GvHD)?

<p>Irradiating or filtering the blood component (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Blood Transfusion

The process of transferring blood or blood products into someone's circulation intravenously to replace lost blood components.

Components of Blood

The various parts of blood, such as red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and clotting factors.

Whole Blood Transfusion

The transfer of whole blood, containing all its components.

Component Transfusion

The transfer of specific blood components, such as red blood cells or platelets.

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ABO Blood Group System

The classification of blood based on the presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells.

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Rh (D) Blood Group System

The classification of blood based on the presence or absence of the RhD antigen on red blood cells.

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Citrate

An anticoagulant used during blood transfusions to prevent clotting.

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Postpartum Hemorrhage

Excessive bleeding after childbirth.

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Karl Landsteiner

An Austrian physician who discovered the ABO blood group system in 1900.

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Blood Transfusion History

The historical development of blood transfusion techniques and practices.

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ABO group

A blood group system based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells.

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Rh(D) group

A blood group system based on the presence or absence of the D antigen on red blood cells. Rh(D)+ individuals have the D antigen, while Rh(D)- individuals lack it.

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Antibody screen

A laboratory test to detect the presence of antibodies against red blood cells in a patient's blood. This helps to prevent transfusion reactions.

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Direct antiglobulin test (DAT)

A test that detects antibodies bound directly to red blood cells, indicating the presence of red blood cells sensitized by antibodies.

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Indirect antiglobulin test (IAT)

A test that detects antibodies in the serum that can bind to red blood cells.

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Compatibility testing (crossmatch)

The testing of a specific donor unit of red blood cells for transfusion to the recipient to determine compatibility.

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Hemagglutination

The clumping or agglutination of red blood cells, which can indicate the presence of an antibody-antigen reaction.

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RBC (Red Blood Cell)

Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body.

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Concentrated red blood cells

A blood component that contains a higher concentration of red blood cells than whole blood.

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PLT (Platelet)

Platelets are small, non-nucleated cells that play a crucial role in blood clotting.

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Apheresis platelets

Platelets collected from a single donor using a special procedure.

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CCI (Corrected Count Increment)

A measure of the effectiveness of platelet transfusion by calculating the increase in platelet count following transfusion.

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Causes of refractoriness to PLT transfusion (PTR)

Reasons why platelet transfusion may be ineffective, including immune-mediated destruction of transfused platelets (alloimmune or autoimmune) and non-immune factors like splenomegaly, increased platelet consumption, drug effects, and transplantation mismatch.

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Plasma

The liquid portion of blood that contains coagulation factors and other proteins.

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Cryoprecipitation

A method of preparing a concentrated solution of coagulation factors (VIII, vWF, XIII, and fibrinogen) from fresh frozen plasma by freezing and thawing it.

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Transfusion Reaction

An adverse event that occurs after a blood transfusion, often due to incompatibility between donor and recipient blood antigens.

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ABO Incompatibility

A serious transfusion reaction that happens when blood types are mismatched (e.g., Type A recipient receives Type B blood).

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Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (HTR)

A life-threatening reaction characterized by red blood cell destruction (hemolysis) due to incompatible blood transfusion.

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Febrile Non-Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (FNHTR)

A milder transfusion reaction causing fever without red blood cell destruction, often due to white blood cell antigens or pyrogens.

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Allergic Transfusion Reaction (ATR)

An allergic reaction to blood components, often caused by immunoglobulin aggregates or antigens.

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Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload (TACO)

A complication where the body receives too much fluid from the transfusion, leading to heart overload and fluid buildup.

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Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI)

A severe, often fatal lung injury caused by antibodies in the transfused blood attacking the recipient's lungs.

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Transfusion-Associated Graft-versus-Host Disease (GvHD)

A rare but fatal immune reaction where white blood cells in the transfused blood attack the recipient's tissues.

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Post-Transfusion Purpura (PTP)

A rare bleeding disorder caused by antibodies in the transfused blood that destroy the recipient's platelets.

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Blood Type

A classification of blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells, such as the ABO and Rh systems.

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Antigen

A substance that triggers an immune response when introduced into the body.

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Antibody

A protein produced by the immune system that specifically recognizes and binds to a particular antigen.

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Crossmatch

A laboratory test to check for compatibility between donor and recipient blood to prevent transfusion reactions.

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Cell Saver

A device used to collect and process lost blood during surgery for reinfusion into the same patient (autologous transfusion).

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Study Notes

Blood Transfusion

  • Blood transfusion is the intravenous process of transferring blood or blood products to replace lost components.
  • Whole blood is broken down into components like red blood cells (RBC), platelets (PLT), plasma, and clotting/coagulation factors for transfusion.

Definition

  • Blood transfusion is the intravenous transfer of blood or blood products to replace lost components.
  • Whole blood is separated into components (RBC, PLT, plasma, coagulation factors) for more targeted transfusions.

Table of Contents

  • History of blood transfusion
  • Blood typing and crossmatching
  • Component blood transfusions
  • Transfusion adverse reactions

History of Blood Transfusion

  • Early attempts involved animal-to-human transfusions, with varying success.
  • 1818: James Blundell performed the first successful human-to-human blood transfusion for postpartum hemorrhage.
  • 1900: Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood groups, revolutionizing blood transfusion safety.
  • 1901: Rh factor blood group system identified
  • World Wars spurred the development of blood banks and component transfusions.

Blood Typing and Crossmatching

  • ABO and Rh (D) blood typing are crucial for safe transfusion.
  • Crossmatching ensures compatibility between donor and recipient blood.
  • Pre-transfusion testing includes ABO and Rh typing.
  • Antibody screening and compatibility testing (crossmatch).

Component Blood Transfusions

  • Separating whole blood into components (RBCs, platelets, plasma, etc.) allows for more targeted transfusions.
  • Packed RBCs: concentrated red blood cells
  • Platelets: blood cells crucial for clotting
  • Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP): contains all clotting factors
  • Cryoprecipitate: purified clotting factor concentrate
  • Other components include: fibrinogen, prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC).

Transfusion Adverse Reactions

  • Transfusion reactions can result from incompatibility between donor and recipient blood.
  • Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions (AHTR): severe, potentially fatal reaction.
  • Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO): fluid overload.
  • Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI): a potentially life-threatening complication.
  • Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD).
  • Post-transfusion purpura (PTP): auto-immune reaction.
  • Allergic reactions.
  • Sepsis

Special Populations and Potential Factors

  • Neonates (<4 months) require special considerations regarding maternally derived antibodies.
  • Pregnancy: Rh incompatibility or other issues.
  • Sickle cell disease or thalassemia: higher risk of complications due to frequent transfusions.
  • Autoimmune or drug-induced hemolytic anemias: presence of antibodies.
  • Transplant recipients: need to identify specific conditions like HLA incompatibility for avoidance of graft rejection/immune mediated rejection

Blood Products

  • Whole blood (rarely used, except for autologous transfusions)
  • Packed red blood cells (PRBCs)
  • Platelets (often single-donor)
  • Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
  • Cryoprecipitate: clotting factors VIII and fibrinogen
  • Coagulation factors
  • Others (e.g., specific factor concentrates)

Pre-transfusion Testing

  • ABO and Rh blood typing
  • Antibody screening
  • Crossmatch testing (important safety measure)

Advantages of Component Transfusion

  • Effective
  • Fewer side effects
  • Conserves blood resources
  • Economically sound

Peripheral blood stem cells

  • These cells are used for transplantation
  • Different cell types include: WBC,RBC, Platelets

Summary

  • Blood transfusion is a vital medical procedure, though not without risks.
  • Rational, safe, and economic transfusion strategies are necessary.
  • Pre-transfusion testing is essential, along with strategies for preserving blood products and managing potential adverse reactions.

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Description

This quiz covers essential aspects of blood transfusion, including its history, blood typing, and component transfusions. Understand the process of how blood is transferred and the significance of different blood components in medical practice. Test your knowledge on the evolution and safety measures of blood transfusions.

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