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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of blood transfusion?
What type of transfusion involves the refusion of a patient's own blood?
What is a complication of blood transfusion?
What is a contraindication for blood donation?
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What is the immediate step to manage complications of blood transfusions?
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What is the age group for blood donation?
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What type of solution would cause RBCs to swell and eventually lyse?
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What is the purpose of transfusing plasma cloTTing factors?
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Which of the following anemia types is associated with decreased osmotic fragility?
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What is the purpose of administering steroids in managing transfusion complications?
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What is an indication for blood transfusion?
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What is a symptom of transfusion reaction?
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Which type of reaction occurs when there is an immune-mediated response to a transfused blood component?
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What is the primary factor affecting the osmotic fragility test?
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Study Notes
Blood Transfusion
- Blood transfusion is the intravenous administration of whole blood or a component such as plasma, packed red blood cells, or platelets to a patient.
Three Modalities to Replace Blood Loss
- Homologous transfusion: transfusion of blood taken from another human being (donor) and stored.
- Autologous transfusion: re-infusion of a patient's own blood.
- Transfusion of plasma expanders and blood components.
Purposes
- To increase circulating blood volume.
- To increase the number of red blood cells and maintain the haemoglobin level.
- To provide plasma clotting factors to help control bleeding.
- To combat infection due to decreased or defective white cells or antibodies.
Indications
- After surgery.
- Trauma or haemorrhage.
- Severe anaemia.
- Haemophilia.
- Agranulocytosis.
Selection of Donor
- Should not be suffering from diseases of the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, cancer, jaundice, tuberculosis, hepatitis, AIDS, allergies, etc.
- Should not have donated blood within the previous 90 days.
- Should be healthy and in the age group of 18-65 years.
- Should not be pregnant.
- Should have HB level above 12gm.
- Should have normal vital signs (TPR, BP).
- Should not be empty stomach.
Complications of Blood Transfusions
- Transfusion reaction: characterized by fever, chills, headache, dyspnoea, cyanosis, and resultant drop in blood pressure.
- Oliguria followed by anuria may signal renal failure.
- Chest pain, nausea, vomiting, increased pulse rate and respiratory rate, and haemoglobinuria (red urine).
- Haemolytic transfusion reaction.
- Pyrogenic reactions.
- Allergic reactions.
- Circulatory overload.
- Transmission of infection diseases.
- Anaphylactic reactions.
Management of Complications
- Ongoing transfusion should be stopped.
- Crystalloids should be administered to maintain intravascular volume and perfusion to kidneys.
- Steroid suppresses the immune system, thereby reducing the release of inflammatory mediators.
Osmotic Fragility Test
- Osmosis = water concentration.
- Hypotonic = high water + low salt.
- Hypertonic = low water + high salt.
- The test is used to diagnose different types of anemia in which the physical properties of the RBC are altered.
- Conditions associated with increased osmotic fragility include hereditary spherocytosis, autoimmune spherocytosis, poisoning, and severe burns.
- Conditions associated with decreased fragility include thalassemias, iron deficiency anemia, and sickle cell anemia.
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Description
Learn about the definition and modalities of blood transfusion, including homologous and autologous transfusion, and transfusion of plasma expanders and blood components.
