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Questions and Answers
What is the primary vector responsible for transmitting Hepatozoon canis?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with severe cases of Hepatozoon canis infection?
Which Babesia species is associated with smaller size in dogs?
What is the main treatment for Hepatozoonosis caused by Hepatozoon canis?
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In which region of the world is Hepatozoon canis primarily found?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hemolysis caused by gibsoni?
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What is the recommended treatment dosage for Diminazene aceturate in cases of babesia in cattle?
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Which tick species is known to be the vector for Babesia in cattle?
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In the case of Theileria spp. infections, what is a common treatment method?
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What occurs approximately 2 to 3 weeks after tick infestation from Babesia infections in cattle?
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Study Notes
Blood & Tissue Sporozoa
- Blood & Tissue Sporozoa are arthropod-born
- Important species in Thailand include:
- Hepatozoon canis
- Babesia canis canis
- Babesia canis vogeli
- Babesia gibsoni
- Babesia bigemeina
- Babesia bovis
- Theileria spp. in cattle
- Plasmodium gallinaceum
- Leucocytozoon caulleryi
- Leucocytozoon sabrazesi
- Haemoprotrus columbae
Hepatozoon spp.
- Cause: Hepatozoonosis
- Main species in Thailand: Hepatozoon canis
- Vector: Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Brown dog tick)
- Host: Dogs
- Gamont (gametocyte) location: neutrophil
Hepatozoon canis
- Epidemiology: Old world region: Asia, Africa, South Europe
-
Thailand:
- Bangkok: 2.2-11.4% of dogs were positive
- Nakhon Pathom: 4.54% found positive
- Songkhla: 4.17% of companions were positive
-
Pathogenicity & Symptoms: Most dogs infected with H.canis have a low level of parasitemia (< 5%); asymptomatic
- Disease caused by low immunity function of neutrophil
- Severe cases: fever, lethargy, severe weight loss, pneumonitis, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, pale mucous membranes associated with anemia, and muscle pain
-
Diagnosis: Blood smear examination associated with complete blood count (CBC): leukocytosis
- Histopathology: schizont in tissue
-
Treatment & Prevention:
- Imodocarb diproprionate 5-6 mg/kg every 14 days & Doxycyclin 10 mg/kg for 21 days
- “No known zoonotic risk”
Babesia spp.
- Cause: Babesiosis
-
Babesia in dogs:
- Large Babesia (B.canis canis, B.canis vogeli)
- Small Babesia (B.gibsoni)
- Babesia in cattle: B.bigemina & B.bovis
- Vector: Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Brown dog tick)
- Host: Dogs
Babesia in dogs
- B.canis size: 4-5 um
- B.gibsoni size: < 3 um
-
Epidemiology: Worldwide distribution
- B.gibsoni has not occurred in Thailand but may be found in southern regions due to reports in Malaysia
-
Pathogenicity & Symptoms:
- Symptoms caused by hemolysis
- Fever, weakness, lethargy, pale gums and tongue, red or orange urine, jaundice (yellow tinge to skin, gums, whites of eyes, etc), enlarged lymph nodes, enlarged spleen, death in severe cases
-
Diagnosis:
- Primary body check & Blood smear examination associated with CBC
- Serology e.g. ELISA, IFA
-
Treatment & Prevention:
- Diminazene aceturate 3.5 mg/kg IM
- Imidocarb dipropionate 2-5 mg/kg IM or SC
- Atovaquone 13.3 mg/kg PO q8h for 10 days + azithromycin 10 mg/kg q24h for 10 days
- Blood transfusion in severe anemia
- Administration of fluids in dehydrated animals
- Tick control
Babesia in cattle
- Vector: Rhipicephalus microplus (tropical cattle tick)
- Host: Cattle
- B.bigemina size: 4.5-2.5 um
- B.bovis size: 2.4-1.5 um
- Transmission: Transtadial
- Epidemiology: Throughout Thailand, especially in native species
-
Symptoms:
- Symptoms of B.bigemina and B.bovis infections usually appear 2 to 3 weeks after tick infestation.
- Fever, Anorexia, separation from herd, weakness, depression, reluctance to move, hemoglobinuria and anemia (dark colored urine), B.bovis is usually more virulent from erythrocytes and can be sequestered in brain capillaries, resulting in neurologic signs
-
Diagnosis:
- Symptoms & Blood smear examination associated with CBC
- Serology: ELISA, IFA
- Necropsy
-
Treatment & Prevention:
- Diminazene aceturate 3.5 mg/kg
- Imidocarb dipropionate 1-3 mg/kg (IM or ID route)
- Vaccine as prevention
- Tick Control
Theileria spp.
- Infected mammals: Many species
- Common in Thailand: Cattle
- Transmission: No transovarial transmission
-
Pathogenicity & Symptoms:
- Theileriosis: fever and lymph node enlargement from parasite in lymph node; anemia, jaundice
-
Treatments:
- Oxytetracyclin 10 mg/kg 10 days
- Buparvaquone 10 mg/kg 2 times every 48 hr.(IM route)
- Treatment is effective when applied in the early stages of clinical disease.
- Diagnosis: Blood smear examination
Plasmodium spp.
-
Cause: Malaria in mammals and poultry
- Human malaria: P.falciparum, P.vivax, P.malariae, P.ovalae, P.knowlesi (origin by macaque in SEA)
- Vector: Anopheles sp.
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Plasmodium gallinaceum: Common avian malaria
- Vector: Aedes aegypti and Culex tritaeniorhynchus
-
Stages:
- Trophozoite (ring form)
- Schizont
- Gametocyte
- Cryptozoite
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Clinical signs:
- Symptoms caused by parasite in epithelial cell of visceral organ and in blood
- Depression, diarrhea, anorexia, anemia, pale comb and wattle, high fever, loss of body weight, greenish feces, death
- Diagnosis: Blood smear examination
-
Treatment & Prevention:
- Chloroquine 5-10 mg/kg or Pyrimethamine 0.3 mg/kg
- Eliminate bleeding site of vector
Leucocytozoon spp.
- Cause: Leucocytozoonosis
-
Important in poultry:
- 2 species can cause disease: L.caulleryi & L.sabrazesi
- Distribution: Worldwide; L.caulleryi discovered first time from Thailand
-
Vector:
- L.caulleryi: midges (Culicoides arakawae )
- L.sabrazesi: black fly (Simulium spp.)
-
Clinical signs:
- Anemia due to hemorrhages from damaged, ruptured blood vessels and affected erythrocytes.
- Pale mucous membranes, comb or wattle, petechia and ecchymoses, lethargy, weakness and neurological signs.
- Anorexia and diarrhea often occur
- Soft, thin, defective eggs with reduced hatchability may be laid by infected hens.
- Neurological signs can also be caused by parasite replication and invasion of nervous tissues.
- L.caulleryi infection show more severe clinical sign than L.sabrazesi
- Diagnosis: Blood film examination: gametocyte in red or white blood cell
-
Treatment & prevention:
- Dilute Salfamonomethoxine or Salfadimethoxine 0.005% in water and feed for 1-2 weeks
- Eliminate bleeding site of vector or use insecticide for prevention
Haemoprotrus columbae
- Host: Birds: pigeons
- Gametocyte location: RBC surround cell nucleus
- Hemozoin pigment: Found
- Vector: Louse flies (Pseudolynchia canariensis)
-
Clinical signs:
- Infections with most Haemoproteus species appear to produce subclinical infections
- May cause anemia and enlarge of liver or spleen
-
Treatment:
- Pyrimethamine or Buparvaquone
-
Common in pigeons:
- Depressed behavior of pigeon with H. columbae infection
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Description
Test your knowledge on Blood & Tissue Sporozoa, specifically focusing on key species prevalent in Thailand. This quiz covers various vectors, hosts, and the epidemiology of related diseases such as Hepatozoonosis in dogs. Perfect for veterinary students and enthusiasts!
