Blood & Tissue Sporozoa Veterinary Notes

Blood & Tissue Sporozoa Asst.Prof.Dr.Sorawat Thongsahuan Faculty of Veterinary Science Prince of Songkla University Tel: 074289612, 0810835635 E-mail: [email protected] Objective To know morphology, life cycle, path...

Blood & Tissue Sporozoa Asst.Prof.Dr.Sorawat Thongsahuan Faculty of Veterinary Science Prince of Songkla University Tel: 074289612, 0810835635 E-mail: [email protected] Objective To know morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis treatment & prevention of veterinary important blood & tissue sporozoa Blood & Tissue Parasite  - Arthropod-born disease Today lesson plan  Hepatozoon spp.  Babesia spp.  Theileria spp.  Plasmodium gallinaceum  Leucocytozoon caulleryi  Leucocytozoon sabrazesi  Haemoprotrus columbae Hepatozoon spp.  Cause Hepatozoonosis  Main species in Thailand : H. canis  Vector : Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Brown dog tick)  Host : Dogs Hepatozoon canis  Gamont (gametocyte) in neutrophil Hepatozoon canis https://veteriankey.com/canine-and-feline-hepatozoonosis/ Epidermiology  Old world region : Asia, Africa, South Europe  Thailand -Bangkok 2.2-11.4% of dog were positive (Jittapalapong and Tipsawake 1991) -Nakhon Pathom found 4,54% (Jittapalapong et al., 2006) -Songkhla found 4.17% of companions were positive (Thongsahuan et al., 2016) Pathogenicity & Symptoms  Most dogs infected with H. canis have a low level of parasitemia (< 5%) : asymptomatic  Disease caused by low immunity function of neutrophil  In severe cases: fever, lethargy, severe weight loss, pneumonitis, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, pale mucous membranes associated with anemia, and muscle pain Diagnosis  Blood smear examination associated with CBC : leukocytosis  Histopathology : schizont in tissue Salakij et al., 1999 Treatment & Prevention  Imodocarb diproprionate 5-6 mg/kg every 14 day & Doxycyclin 10 mg/kg for 21 days “No known zoonotic risk” Babesia spp. Cause : babesiosis In Thailand Babesia in dog : Large Babesia (B. canis canis, B. canis vogeli) & Small Babesia (B. gibsoni) Babesia in cattle : B. bigemeina & B. bovis Babesia in dog Vector : Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Brown dog tick) Host : Dogs B. canis (4-5 um) B. gibsoni (< 3 um) Babesia in dog (Birkenheuer, 2014) Epidermiology  Worldwide distribution  B. gibsoni has not occurred in Thailand but may be found in southern because this species has been reported regularly in Malaysia (Rajamanickam et al., 1985) Pathogenicity & Symptoms  Symptoms cause by hemolysis  Fever, weakness, lethargy, pale gums and tongue, red or orange urine, jaundice (yellow tinge to skin, gums, whites of eyes, etc), enlarged lymph nodes, enlarged spleen, in severe cases may death Diagnosis  Primary body check & Blood smear examination associated with CBC  Serology e.g. ELISA, IFA Salakij et al., 1999 Diagnosis Treatment & Prevention  Diminazene aceturate 3.5 mg/kg IM  Imidocarb dipropionate 2-5 mg/kg IM or SC  Atovaquone 13.3 mg/kg PO q8h for 10 days + azithromycin 10 mg/kg q24h for 10 days  Blood transfusion in severe anemia  Administration of fluids in dehydrated animals  Tick control Babesia in cattle Vector : Rhipicephalus microplus (tropical cattle tick) Host : Cattle B. bigemeina (4.5-2.5 um ) B. bovis (2.4-1.5 um) Babesia in cattle Transtadial transmission Epidemiology  Throughout Thailand especially in native species Symptoms  The symptoms of B. bigemina and B. bovis infections usually appear 2 to 3 weeks after tick infestation  Fever, Anorexia  Animals likely to separate from herd, be weak, depressed and reluctant to move  Hemoglobinuria and anemia (Dark colored urine)  B. bovis is usually more virulent from erythrocytes and can be sequestered in brain capillaries, resulting in neurologic signs Diagnosis  Symptoms & Blood smear examination associated with CBC  Serology e.g. ELISA, IFA  Necropsy Treatment & Prevention Diminazene aceturate 3.5 mg/kg Imidocarb dipropionate 1-3 mg/kg (IM or ID route) Vaccine as prevention Tick Control Theileria spp.  Many species of infected mammal  In Thailand commonly found Theileria in cattle Soulsby, 1982  Theileria spp. No transovarial transmission Pathogenicity & Symptoms  Theileriosis  fever and lymph node enlargement from parasite in lympnode  anemia, jaundice Treatments  Oxytetracyclin 10 mg/kg 10 days  Buparvaquone 10 mg/kg 2 times every 48 hr. (IM route) Treatment is effective when applied in the early stages of clinical disease. Diagnosis  Blood smear examination Plasmodium spp.  Cause Malaria in mammals and poultry Human malaria P. falciparum P. vivax P. malariae P. ovalae P. knowlesi (origin by macaque in SEA) Vector : Anopheles sp.  Plasmodium gallinaceum  Common avian malaria  Vector : Aedes aegypti and Culex tritaeniorhynchus Trophozoite Schizont Gametocyte (ring form) Plasmodium gallinaceum cryptozoite poultry mosquitoes Clinical signs  Symptoms cause by parasite in epithelial cell of visceral organ and in blood  Depression  Diarrhea  Anorexia  Anemia  Pale comb and wattle  High fever  Loss of body weight  Greenish feces  Death Diagnosis  Blood smear examination Treatment & Prevention Chloroquine 5-10 mg/kg or Pyrimethamine 0.3 mg/kg Eliminate bleeding site of vector Leucocytozoon spp.  Cause Leucocytozoonosis  Important in poultry  2 species can cause disease : L. caulleryi & L. sabrazesi  Worldwide distribution & L. caulleryi discovered first time from Thailand L. caulleryi L. sabrazesi Leucocytozoon spp.  Vector of L. caulleryi : midges (Culicoides arakawae )  Vector of L. sabrazesi : black fly (Simulium spp.) Vectors midges black fly Clinical signs  Anemia due to hemorrhages from damaged, ruptured blood vessels and affected erythrocytes.  Clinical signs: pale mucous membranes, comb or wattle, petechia and ecchymoses, lethargy, weakness and neurological signs.  Anorexia and diarrhea often occur  Soft, thin, defective eggs with reduced hatchability may be laid by infected hens.  Neurological signs can also be caused by parasite replication and invasion of nervous tissues.  L. caulleryi infection show more severe clinical sign than L. sabrazesi Diagnosis  Blood film examination : gametocyte in red or white blood cell Treatment & prevention Dilute Salfamonomethoxine or Salfadimethoxine 0.005% in water and feed for 1-2 weeks26 Eliminate bleeding site of vector or use insecticide for prevention Haemoprotrus columbae  Parasitic in birds : pigeons  Gametocyte in RBC surround cell nucleus  Found hemozoin pigment Haemoprotrus columbae  Vector : louse flies (Pseudolynchia canariensis) Haemoprotrus columbae  Infections with most Haemoproteus species appear to produce subclinical infections  May cause anemia and enlarge of liver or spleen  Treatment by Pyrimethamine or Buparvaquone  The parasite found commonly in pigeons Depressed behavior of pigeon with H. columbae infection Question