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What is the primary location where schizonts occur in H. canis?
What is the family name of the protozoa commonly referred to as hemogregarines?
What is the role of macrophages in H. americanum infection?
What is the outcome when the muscle cyst ruptures in H. americanum infection?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of definitive host for Hepatozoon spp.?
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In which type of host does sexual development and sporogony occur?
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What is the primary difference in the organs affected by H. canis and H. americanum?
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Which of the following is a tick vector of H. americanum?
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What is the outcome of high parasitemia in H. canis infection?
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What is the primary way dogs get infected with Hepatozoon?
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What is the common hematological abnormality in H. canis infection?
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Which of the following is a type of Hepatozoon that affects dogs?
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Where do gamonts occur in H. canis infection?
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What is the difference in severity between H. canis and H. americanum infections?
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What is the stage of development that occurs in vertebrates?
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Which other animal can be infected with H. canis?
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What is the primary function of micronucleus in ciliates?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of reproduction in ciliates?
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What is the characteristic arrangement of cilia in Balantidium coli?
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Which order of ciliates includes fish parasites?
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What is the habitat of ciliates belonging to the order Prostomatidorida?
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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of ciliates?
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What is the name of the ciliate that can cause disease in pigs, cattle, primates, rodents, and other animals?
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What is the location of Balantidium coli in the host?
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What is one of the most consistent findings in H.americanum infection?
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Which of the following is used to treat H.canis infection?
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What is the characteristic feature of H.americanum cysts in muscle biopsy?
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What is the vector responsible for the transmission of H.muris?
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What is the organs where schizonts of H.felis occur?
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What is the duration of treatment for H.americanum infection?
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What is the diagnostic method for H.canis infection?
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What is the combination of drugs used to treat H.americanum infection?
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What is the resemblance of early lesions of dysentery caused by B. coli to?
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What is the treatment for acute B. coli infections?
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What is the diagnosis of B. coli based on?
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What is the condition of individuals who may experience pulmonary infection and peritonitis due to B. coli?
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What is the drug used to treat B. coli infections in humans and primates?
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What is the author of the lecture notes on VPAR 131?
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What is the publication year of the article 'Georgi’s Parasitology for Veterinarians' by Bowman?
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What is the journal where the article 'Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in farmed rabbits in Egypt' was published?
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Study Notes
Hepatozoon spp.
- Apicomplexan protozoa under the Family Hepatozoidae, commonly referred to as hemogregarines
- Vertebrates (birds, mammals, and reptiles) are intermediate hosts, while invertebrates (ticks, mites, tsetse fly, sand fly, lice, fleas, triatomine bugs, mosquitoes, and leeches) are definitive hosts
- Sexual development and sporogony occur in invertebrates, while merogony and gametogony occur in vertebrates
Hepatozoon of dogs
- Two species affecting dogs: Hepatozoon canis and H. americanum
- Infection occurs through ingestion of infected ticks
- Intrauterine transmission of H. canis and transmission by predation in H. americanum have been reported
- Tick vectors: Rhipicephalus sanguineus for H. canis and Amblyomma maculatum for H. americanum
- Cats can also be infected with H. canis
Life cycle of Hepatozoon in dogs
- H. canis primarily affects hemolymphoid organs, while H. americanum affects skeletal and cardiac muscles
- Sporozoites penetrate the gut wall, invade mononuclear cells, and disseminate to hemolymphoid organs through blood or lymph
- Schizonts occur in endothelial cells of spleen, bone marrow, and liver
- Gamonts occur in leukocytes
H. americanum infection
- Sporozoites may be taken up by macrophages and carried to skeletal or cardiac muscles
- Infected macrophages form the nidus for muscle cyst, with concentric layers of mucopolysaccharide material produced and deposited around the infected cell
- Merozoites are released when the cyst ruptures and are taken up by leukocytes
Clinical signs and diagnosis of Hepatozoon in dogs
- H. canis infection can be subclinical to life-threatening, while H. americanum infection is frequently severe and debilitating
- Anemia is the most common hematological abnormality in H. canis infection
- Leukocytosis occurs in high parasitemia, and neutrophilia is a consistent finding in H. americanum infection
- Clinical signs include fever, muscular pain, and mucopurulent ocular discharge
- H. canis is diagnosed by microscopic detection of gamonts in blood smears, while H. americanum is confirmed by muscle biopsy
Treatment of Hepatozoon in dogs
- Imidocarb dipropionate is the drug for H. canis, given every 14 days until gamonts are no longer observed in the blood smear
- For H. americanum, a combination of trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and clindamycin can be given orally for 14 days
Hepatozoon spp. of other animals
- Hepatozoon felis was first reported in India, affecting skeletal muscle, lungs, and myocarcium
- H. muris affects rats, with its vector being the mite Laelaps echidninus
Characteristics of Hepatozoon spp.
- All members possess cilia for locomotion, which may be simple or compound
- Most have two sets of nuclei: a micronucleus containing a normal set of chromosomes concerned with reproductive process, and a macronucleus responsible for cytoplasmic activities
- Reproduction is by binary fission or conjugation, without true sexual reproduction involving gametes
Phylum Ciliophora: Ciliates
- Three orders of veterinary importance: Prostomatidorida, Oligohymeophorasida, and Polyhemenophorasida
- Balantidium coli is the most commonly known ciliate that can cause disease in pigs, cattle, primates, rodents, and other animals, occurring in the lumen of the large intestine
Balantidium coli
- Cilia are arranged in longitudinal rows all over the body
- Two forms: trophozoite and cyst form
- Can produce superficial to deep ulcers associated with dysentery, resembling those of Entamoeba histolytica
- Pulmonary infection and peritonitis have been reported in immunocompromised individuals
- Diagnosis is through clinical signs, ulcerative lesions, and presence of very large numbers of B. coli
- Acute infections may be treated with tetracyclines or carbasone
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Description
Quiz on Hepatozoon spp., apicomplexan protozoa, and their role as hemogregarines in vertebrates such as birds, mammals, and reptiles.
