VPAR 131: Hepatozoon spp. and Hemogregarines
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary location where schizonts occur in H. canis?

  • endothelial cells of spleen, bone marrow, and liver (correct)
  • macrophages in skeletal muscles
  • endothelial cells of skeletal muscles
  • leukocytes in blood

    • What is the family name of the protozoa commonly referred to as hemogregarines?

  • Apicomplexa
  • Hemogregarinidae
  • Hepatozoa
  • Hepatozoidae (correct)

    • What is the role of macrophages in H. americanum infection?

  • to phagocytose infected cells
  • to take up sporozoites and carry them to skeletal or cardiac muscles (correct)
  • to produce mucopolysaccharide material
  • to carry sporozoites to hemolymphoid organs

    • What is the outcome when the muscle cyst ruptures in H. americanum infection?

    <p>merozoites are released and taken up by leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of definitive host for Hepatozoon spp.?

    <p>Birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of host does sexual development and sporogony occur?

    <p>Invertebrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in the organs affected by H. canis and H. americanum?

    <p>H. canis affects hemolymphoid organs, while H. americanum affects skeletal and cardiac muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a tick vector of H. americanum?

    <p>Amblyomma maculatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of high parasitemia in H. canis infection?

    <p>leukocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way dogs get infected with Hepatozoon?

    <p>By ingestion of infected tick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common hematological abnormality in H. canis infection?

    <p>anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of Hepatozoon that affects dogs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do gamonts occur in H. canis infection?

    <p>leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in severity between H. canis and H. americanum infections?

    <p>H. canis is mild, while H. americanum is severe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of development that occurs in vertebrates?

    <p>Merogony and gametogony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which other animal can be infected with H. canis?

    <p>Cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of micronucleus in ciliates?

    <p>Regulation of reproductive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of reproduction in ciliates?

    <p>Gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic arrangement of cilia in Balantidium coli?

    <p>Longitudinal rows all over the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which order of ciliates includes fish parasites?

    <p>Oligohymeophorasida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the habitat of ciliates belonging to the order Prostomatidorida?

    <p>Rumen and reticulum of ruminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of ciliates?

    <p>Presence of a macronucleus and a micronucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the ciliate that can cause disease in pigs, cattle, primates, rodents, and other animals?

    <p>Balantidium coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of Balantidium coli in the host?

    <p>Large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the most consistent findings in H.americanum infection?

    <p>Neutrophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is used to treat H.canis infection?

    <p>Imidocarb dipropionate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of H.americanum cysts in muscle biopsy?

    <p>Large, round to oval 'onion skin' cysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the vector responsible for the transmission of H.muris?

    <p>Laelaps echidninus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organs where schizonts of H.felis occur?

    <p>Skeletal muscle, lungs, and myocarcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of treatment for H.americanum infection?

    <p>14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic method for H.canis infection?

    <p>Microscopic detection of gamonts in blood smear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the combination of drugs used to treat H.americanum infection?

    <p>Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and clindamycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resemblance of early lesions of dysentery caused by B. coli to?

    <p>Those of Entamoeba histolytica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for acute B. coli infections?

    <p>Tetracyclines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnosis of B. coli based on?

    <p>Clinical signs, ulcerative lesions, and presence of large numbers of B. coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition of individuals who may experience pulmonary infection and peritonitis due to B. coli?

    <p>Immunocompromised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drug used to treat B. coli infections in humans and primates?

    <p>Carbasone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the author of the lecture notes on VPAR 131?

    <p>Dr. RL Galay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the publication year of the article 'Georgi’s Parasitology for Veterinarians' by Bowman?

    <p>2014</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the journal where the article 'Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in farmed rabbits in Egypt' was published?

    <p>Acta Vet Scand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hepatozoon spp.

    • Apicomplexan protozoa under the Family Hepatozoidae, commonly referred to as hemogregarines
    • Vertebrates (birds, mammals, and reptiles) are intermediate hosts, while invertebrates (ticks, mites, tsetse fly, sand fly, lice, fleas, triatomine bugs, mosquitoes, and leeches) are definitive hosts
    • Sexual development and sporogony occur in invertebrates, while merogony and gametogony occur in vertebrates

    Hepatozoon of dogs

    • Two species affecting dogs: Hepatozoon canis and H. americanum
    • Infection occurs through ingestion of infected ticks
    • Intrauterine transmission of H. canis and transmission by predation in H. americanum have been reported
    • Tick vectors: Rhipicephalus sanguineus for H. canis and Amblyomma maculatum for H. americanum
    • Cats can also be infected with H. canis

    Life cycle of Hepatozoon in dogs

    • H. canis primarily affects hemolymphoid organs, while H. americanum affects skeletal and cardiac muscles
    • Sporozoites penetrate the gut wall, invade mononuclear cells, and disseminate to hemolymphoid organs through blood or lymph
    • Schizonts occur in endothelial cells of spleen, bone marrow, and liver
    • Gamonts occur in leukocytes

    H. americanum infection

    • Sporozoites may be taken up by macrophages and carried to skeletal or cardiac muscles
    • Infected macrophages form the nidus for muscle cyst, with concentric layers of mucopolysaccharide material produced and deposited around the infected cell
    • Merozoites are released when the cyst ruptures and are taken up by leukocytes

    Clinical signs and diagnosis of Hepatozoon in dogs

    • H. canis infection can be subclinical to life-threatening, while H. americanum infection is frequently severe and debilitating
    • Anemia is the most common hematological abnormality in H. canis infection
    • Leukocytosis occurs in high parasitemia, and neutrophilia is a consistent finding in H. americanum infection
    • Clinical signs include fever, muscular pain, and mucopurulent ocular discharge
    • H. canis is diagnosed by microscopic detection of gamonts in blood smears, while H. americanum is confirmed by muscle biopsy

    Treatment of Hepatozoon in dogs

    • Imidocarb dipropionate is the drug for H. canis, given every 14 days until gamonts are no longer observed in the blood smear
    • For H. americanum, a combination of trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and clindamycin can be given orally for 14 days

    Hepatozoon spp. of other animals

    • Hepatozoon felis was first reported in India, affecting skeletal muscle, lungs, and myocarcium
    • H. muris affects rats, with its vector being the mite Laelaps echidninus

    Characteristics of Hepatozoon spp.

    • All members possess cilia for locomotion, which may be simple or compound
    • Most have two sets of nuclei: a micronucleus containing a normal set of chromosomes concerned with reproductive process, and a macronucleus responsible for cytoplasmic activities
    • Reproduction is by binary fission or conjugation, without true sexual reproduction involving gametes

    Phylum Ciliophora: Ciliates

    • Three orders of veterinary importance: Prostomatidorida, Oligohymeophorasida, and Polyhemenophorasida
    • Balantidium coli is the most commonly known ciliate that can cause disease in pigs, cattle, primates, rodents, and other animals, occurring in the lumen of the large intestine

    Balantidium coli

    • Cilia are arranged in longitudinal rows all over the body
    • Two forms: trophozoite and cyst form
    • Can produce superficial to deep ulcers associated with dysentery, resembling those of Entamoeba histolytica
    • Pulmonary infection and peritonitis have been reported in immunocompromised individuals
    • Diagnosis is through clinical signs, ulcerative lesions, and presence of very large numbers of B. coli
    • Acute infections may be treated with tetracyclines or carbasone

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    Description

    Quiz on Hepatozoon spp., apicomplexan protozoa, and their role as hemogregarines in vertebrates such as birds, mammals, and reptiles.

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